Online encyclopedic English-Slovak and Slovak-English

Linguistics Dictionary

Term
The linguistics
field it belongs to

The conceptualization
in the language of origin

Example
Translation accounting
for the content equivalence

declaration 

stylistics

Declarations are speech acts that change the reality in accord with the proposition of the declaration.

I pronounce you man and wife.

deklaratíva

declination 

phonetics, phonology

Declination is a tendency towards a falling pitch at the end of an utterance.

In the following example, the pitch is falling at end of the following statement.



konkluzívna kadencia

deictics 

stylistics

Words or phrases which refer to a specific time, place, person or thing in a text, without actually naming them by using a noun.

Go over there and look over that mess.

ukazovacie výrazy

democratization 

stylistics

Increased tendency towards informal language use.

Nowadays, in BBC interviews, the reporters tend to use instances of colloquial English, such as inclusive pronouns we (to indicate that the reporter shares the same culture and world as the listeners), discourse markers (Oh, well, right) and shortened words (coz instead of because).

demokratizácia

demonstrative adjective 

morphology

grammatical term for the lexical units ‘this, that, these, those’ followed by a noun, they premodify a noun.

Can you pass that book, please?

v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; pre potreby angličtiny sa používa doslovný preklad “ukazovacie prídavné meno”; v slovenčine sa tieto prípady nehodnotia ako adjektíva, ale ako zámená vo forme prídavného mena

demonstrative pronoun 

morphology

grammatical term for the lexical units ‘this, that, these, those’ standing by themselves; they are not followed by a noun, i.e they do not premodify a noun.

Can you pass me that, please?

ukazovacie zámeno (demonstratívne pronominum)

demotivated idiom → pure idiom

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denotation 

lexicology

primary dictionary meaning, literal meaning of a word expressing notional (conceptual) properties of a word in terms of its reference to an object, concept etc. in the real world; the act or fact of denoting; the relationship between a linguistic form, i.e. a sequence of sounds or a sequence of letters (as in the word ‘needle’) and the object this particular linguistic form refers to

the word needle refers to a sharp instrument made of steel used in sewing (which represents its denotative meaning)

denotačný význam, denotácia

denotative meaning → denotation

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derivation 

word formation; derivational morphology

word formation process which consists of “deriving” new words by attaching affixes to pre-existing base forms.

over-turn, activ-ate, child-hood

derivácia

derivational  morphology

word formation

derivation and derivational rules of a given language viewed as a part of its morphology; part of morphology dealing with the study of word formation, particularly derivation

morphology that creates new lexemes by adding affixes to base forms to build up new meaning

derivatológia, slovotvorba

derivational prefix 

word-formation; derivational morphology

prefix which is attached to the existing root to form new lexeme

un-popular; dis-like

slovotvorný prefix, slovotvorná predpona

derivational suffix 

word-formation; derivational morphology

suffix that is added to the existing root to form new lexeme

believ-able; care-ful

(slovotvorný)sufix, slovotvorná prípona

deterioration pejoration

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determiner 

morphology, syntax

in English, a closed word class that indicates some kind of reference. It includes articles, possessive adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, numerals, quantifiers, etc. It has three subgroups: 1) central determiner, 2) pre-determiner, 3) post-determiner

1) a/the/0/my/that/one/neither

2) many books, much/some/any/no

3) both/several/five

v slovenčine takýto slovný druh nie je, a preto ani slovenský termín neexistuje;

devoicing 

phonetics/phonology

Devoicing is a process during which a voiced sound is pronounced as devoiced due to the influence of the context (other sounds surrounding the sound undergoing the process).

play - [pɬeɪ] (l is partially devoiced by the influence of the preceding voiceless, aspirated stop

znelostná neutralizácia Pozor na rozdiel medzi znelostnou neutralizáciou a asimiláciou.

diachronic variation 

sociolinguistics stylistics

A type of language variation reflecting historical stages of language development as follow each other on the diachronic axis.

Use of extinct, obsolete, old-fashioned, current, fashionable expressions. The following is an example of an obsolote word (that has disappeared from language use): ludibrious, an adjective meaning “apt to be a subject of jest or mockery. This word describes a person, thing or situation that is likely to be the butt of jokes. You can use it when you want to sound justified in poking fun at someone. “How could I resist? He’s just so ludibrious.”

podoba jazyka odzkradľujúca isté obdobie jeho vývoja

dialect 

lexicology phonetics/phonology sociolinguistics stylistics

a regional or social variety of a language with specific features of grammar and vocabulary, and which may be associated with a distinctive accent

For example, the regional dialects in the UK include: Midland English, Geordie, Welsh English, etc. Social dialects in London include Received Pronunciation, Estuary English, Cockney, etc.

dialekt, nárečie

dialogue 

stylistics

A conversation between two or more persons.

The following interaction is a dialogue: A: “Hi, how´re you doing? B: “Good.”

dialóg

diaphasic variation 

sociolinguistics stylistics

A type of language variation depending on different communicative settings, in other words, the use of different levels of style/register.

Use of oral vs. written language, foreigner talk, vulgar style.

register

diastratic variation 

sociolinguistics stylistics

This type of language variation means that in different social groups (according to age, sex, profession ...), different sociolects are used, in other words, language varieties depending on social, cultural or educational factors.

Examples of this type of language variety are: youth language or IT specialists´ language.

sociálny komunikačný register

diatopic variation 

sociolinguistics/ stylistics

This type of language variation means that in different places and regions of the linguistic area, different dialects are spoken

Cockney English is the variety spoken in London.

regionálny dialekt

diction 

stylistics

The speaker’s word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness or effectiveness.

Manifestation of diction includes the accent, inflection, intonation, and speech-sound quality in an individual speaker´s speech, usually judged in terms of prevailing standards of acceptability; enunciation.

dikcia

dictionary entry 

lexicography

the basic reference unit in a dictionary


slovníkové heslo

digraph 

phonetics/phonology

A digraph is a combination of two graphemes represented by a single sound.

In the word feet, ee is pronounced as one sound [i:] [fiːt].

digraf

diphthong 

phonetics/phonology

A diphthong is a glide from one vowel to another one within a syllable.

In the word sway, ay is pronounced as a movement from vowel [e] to vowel [ɪ] [sw].

diftong (dvojhláska)

direct object 

syntax

a type of object of a verb; if only one object follows a verb, it is always a direct object; if a verb has two objects, the first is indirect, the second is direct.

Do you miss her? (a single direct object) He bought her flowers. (indirect object, direct object)

predmet v bezpredložkovom akuzatíve

directives 

stylistics

Speech acts that are to cause the hearer to take a particular action. They can have a form of a statement, a question, or an exclamation.

Requests, commands and advice: I want the window open. Would you mind opening the window? How come the window is not open?

direktíva

discourse 

stylistics

A continuous stretch of (especially spoken) language larger than a sentence; it refers to a unit of language longer than a single sentence. More broadly, discourse is the use of spoken or written language in a social context. (https://www.thoughtco.com/discourse-language-term-1690464)

Conversation, a dissertation, treatise, sermon, etc.

diskurz

discourse analysis 

general linguistics stylistics

1. The study of the rules or patterns characterizing units of connected speech or writing longer than a sentence. 2. The study of the rules governing appropriate language use in communicative situations. 3. The study of how sentences in spoken or written language form larger meaningful units, such as a paragraph, a conversation, an interview, and so on.

e.g. analyzing speech acts in a particular legislative process to reach a certain aim

analýza diskurzu

discourse event 

pragmalinguistics stylistics

A type of communicative event in which speech is the main component.

a greeting or small talk, meeting, conference, summit, wedding, funeral, party, exam, etc.

discourse technologies 

stylistics

Discourse technologies are tools designed to spread new information and knowledge as discourses (which may be economic, organizational, manegerial, political or educational).

interviewing, teaching, counselling and advertising

diskurzívne technológie

disjunct 

syntax

an adverbial expression which indicates the speaker’s viewpoint towards or evaluation of what is said (personally, fortunately, honestly, indeed). Syntactically, it is less integrated in the clause structure and may modify the whole sentence or utterance. Typically, it takes front position and is separated from a sentence by a comma.

Honestly, I don’t believe he’ll keep the promise. Personally, I would not go there.

diskurzný marker, častica

ditransitive verb 

morphology

verb that is followed by two objects to complete the meaning.

He bought her flowers.

sloveso s dvoma predmetmi - nepriamym a priamym (ditranzitívne verbum)

double genitive 

morphology

the combination of possessive -’s and of-construction to indicate two meanings: (relative) possession ‘one out of several’ ‘and some out of many’

a painting of Picasso’s = one of the works painted by Picasso (the meaning is specific: authorship and/or possession) (Picasso’s painting means either possession, authorship, or that he is in the painting)

v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; na vysvetlenie tohto javy v angličtine sa požíva doslovný preklad “dvojitý genitív”

downtoner 

morphology, syntax

a subclass of intensifier that is used to mark a weakening effect on a particular aspect of meaning. This is achieved by adverbs such as ‘barely, hardly, partially, slightly’.

It’s been barely a week. The building was partially destroyed.

príslovka miery

dummy operator 

morphology, syntax

do’/’does’/did’: a structure word required in some constructions, it does not carry lexical meaning

Do you know them? I don’t know them.

v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; je to typ pomocného slovesa v angličtine

duration 

phonetics phonology

Duration refers to the time that a sound lasts for.

Especially in Slovak language, the difference between short and long vowels is expressed by duration. In English, the same applies in some contexts, for example a vocalic sound pronounced before a fortis plosive is relatively shorter than the same vocalic sound produced before a lenis plosive.

trvanie

dynamic adjective 

morphology

expresses a quality which may be viewed as temporary; usually it is used to indicate a feature different than usually; it is expressed by adding ‘being’ to an adjective.

You are being silly.
She is
being brave.

v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje;

dynamic verb 

morphology

a verb which primarily expresses a) activity (drink, play, sing), b) process (change, become) and bodily sensation (ache, feel, hurt). A dynamic verb can be used in the progressive aspect and in the imperative.

a) He’s playing tennis. b) It’s becoming harder to find a job. I’m feeling sick.

dynamické sloveso: a) činnostné sloveso b) procesné sloveso