Online encyclopedic English-Slovak and Slovak-English

Linguistics Dictionary

Term
The linguistics
field it belongs to

The conceptualization
in the language of origin

Example
Translation accounting
for the content equivalence

neologism 

lexicology

a newly coined word or a linguistic form which is perceived by the linguistic community as new

Brexit (the situation of the UK leaving the European Union), nomophobia (anxiety one feels when being without a mobile phone)

neologizmus, novotvar

negation 

syntax

a grammatical construction with (operation forming) a negative polarity; it can be formed through affixes (a) and through negative words (b). Negation is contrasted with affirmative meanings that have positive polarity (c).

a) illogical, disobedient, careless;

b) not, no, neither, never, no one, nobody, none;

c) She is polite. (affirmative); She is impolite./She is not polite. (negation expressed by an affix (prefix) and a negative word)

negácia

negative face 

pragmalinguistics stylistics

It describes the basic personal rights of an individual, including his/ her personal freedom as well as freedom of action. One's negative face is a neglection of all factors which represent a threat towards individual rights.

One popular example is the freedom of speech, which includes one's need not to be interrupted by others while speaking.

negatívna zdvorilosť

negative politeness strategy 

pragmatics/stylistics

Strategy used in order to avoid giving offense by showing deference.

questioning, hedging, and presenting disagreements as opinions.

negatívna zdvorilostná stratégia

nesting 

syntax/stylistics

Nesting is when a clause has another clause embedded inside it or phrases inside phrases.

Phrases inside phrases:

1. Hereditary Grand Falconer (to the Queen)) = PP inside NP

2. (the region (of (the heart))) = NP inside PP inside NP.

A clause inside a clause: [This is the dog [that chased the cat [that killed the rat [that ate the corn [that lay in the house [that Jack built]]]]]].

vložená vedľajšia veta

neutral adjective 

morphology

describing an adjective as neutral refers to the degree of intensity; it can be graded; it can be modified by an intensifier (very, rather, fairly, etc.).

good, big, tasty

akostné pridavné meno

neutralisation 

phonetics, phonology

Neutralization is a process in which the distinction between two phonemes is lost in a particular environment.

The theory on phonemes suggests that some phonemes are in opposition in all contexts in a language. However, some context suggests that sometimes such opposition does not matter. For example, in English, t is in opposition with d, however, in the word ‘still’ phoneme t is in a position in which its phonetic features cannot be employed carefully. On the other hand, a voiced phoneme d would be easily pronounced after a voiceless fricative and before a monophthong. The difference in voicing is neutralized between t and d. Even though perceptibly it doesn’t sound as either, but rather as a combination of the two.

neutralizácia

nominal phrase noun phrase

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nonce word 

lexicology

a new word that is created and used for a particular occasion to solve an immediate communication problem

chortle (a blend of ‘chuckle’ and ‘snort’ originally from the poem Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll), glibbertysnark (a blend of ‘glib’, ‘liberty’and ‘snark’)

okazionalizmus

non-count noun uncountable noun

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non-finite (verb) 

morphology

they are called so because they do not indicate grammatical categories of person, number, mood, and tense – they indicate only voice and aspect; they are not in concord with the subject of the sentence

infinitive, -ing participle (= present participle), -ed participle (= past participle); some grammarians also include here gerund

neurčitý slovesný tvar

non-gradable adjective 

morphology

an adjective that cannot be graded on a scale of ‘more’ or ‘less’ in terms of the property that it describes

dead, male, wooden

nestupňovateľné prídavné mená

non-inherent adjective 

morphology

it describes the quality in a metaphorical sense; the quality is not innate to the object, it is ascribed to the object or person based on certain circumstances

a wooden actor - one who is expresionless

v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; príp. ide o vzťahovo-akostné adjektíva

non-personal gender class 

morphology

nouns belonging here include mostly animals, when we talk about them in a very neutral, non-affectionate way; baby/child can be included here if they are referred to in a scientific context.

Look, there’s a dog. It looks like it has got lost.

v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje;

non-standard dialect 

sociolinguistics stylistics

A dialect that does not have the institutional support or sanction, however, linguists consider all nonstandard dialects to be grammatically full-fledged varieties of a language.

Non-standard English: “They ain´t got nothing”. “I love the player what scored”. “Pass me them books”. “I played good”.Standard English: They haven´t got anything”. “I love the player who scored”. “Pass me those books”. “I played well”.

nespisovná varieta jazyka

normal non-fluency 

stylistics

The terms refers to the features of spontaneous speech that is characteristically broken up by filled pauses (with items not carrying conventional meaning but being inserted in speech to allow time to think, to create a pause or to hold a turn in conversation, e.g. ‘er,’ ’ um ’,’ah’) and unfilled pauses, repetitions, and false starts.

I left the house in a hurry.
I… um… my mother …

spontánnosť a nepripravenosť hovoreného prejavu

noun 

morphology

a word denoting classes and categories of entities in the world, including people, animals, inanimate things, places, events, qualities and states;

a book, a man, work, a well

podstatné meno, substantívum

noun phrase (nominal phrase) 

syntax

a word or group of words which contains a noun (or a pronoun) and, possibly pre/central/postdeterminer and pre/postmodifier which functions as a subject, object or complement

Peter is tall. She passed the book to the tallest boy. He was elected the first president of the USA.

menná/nominálna skupina

nucleus 

phonetics, phonology

In phonology, a nucleus is the centre of the syllable (vocoid or syllabic consonant). In intonation, a nucleus is the most prominent syllable in the tone-unit.

In phonology: university - ˌj.nɪˈvɜː.sə.ti In intonation: University is great. - ˌjuː.nɪˈvɜː.sə.ti z ɡreɪt.

jadro; v slovenčine sa termín “jadro” používa výlučne v spojení so slabikou.

number 

morphology

a grammatical distinction which contrasts singular and plural 1) verb forms, 2) nouns, 3) pronouns, and 4) determiners

1) help - helps 2) book - books, 3) I – we, this - theses 4) this - these

číslo (gramatická kategória)