| Term | The linguistics field it belongs to | The conceptualization in the language of origin | Example | Translation accounting for the content equivalence |
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idea → concept |
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lexicology |
a word which is conceptually similar to a given word but differs from it in the shades of meaning or degree of intensity |
big – large – huge, dirty – filthy, cry – shout – scream – yell |
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stylistics |
An individual's distinctive and unique use of language encompassing vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. |
Martha frequently uses the expression “Jolly good”, which is a feature of her idiolect. |
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phraseology |
multi-word lexical item whose meaning is not compositional function of its constituents |
add fuel to the flame; a grass widow |
idióm |
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stylistics |
This is language use containing, or denoting expressions that are natural to a native speaker; verbal production the typical feature of which is nativelikeness. |
I need to take a test - idiomatic I need to write a test - non-idiomatic |
idiomatické vyjadrovanie v zmysle prirodzeného vyjadrovania ako vyjadrovania rodeného hovoriaceho. |
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pragmalinguistics stylistics |
Refers to the use of a sentence to express an attitude with a certain function or “force,” called an illocutionary force, and carries a certain urgency and appeal to the meaning and direction of the speaker. |
Promising, ordering, apologizing and thanking: “I promise, I´ll arrange for it”. “A coffee, please”. “I apologize for the inconvenience”. “Thank you so much”. |
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morphology |
a form of the grammatical category of mood that is typically associated with directives, commands, orders, instructions, or requests (if accompanied with ‘please’); it consists of the base form of the verb, typically with no overt subject (you). |
Open the window, please. |
rozkazovací spôsob, imperatív |
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semantics/stylistics |
Showing lack of a personal agent or personal involvement. |
Passives contribute to the impersonality of an utterance, e.g. The visitors are requested to follow the personell´s instructions. |
neosobnosť prejavu |
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implicit superlative → strong adjective |
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morphology |
‘a’/‘an’ used as a determiner in countable singular nouns, and zero article used in plural countable and uncountable nouns indicating that a specific referent cannot be identified by context or linguistic co-text; |
There is a book on the table. |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; používa sa doslovný preklad “neurčitý člen” |
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morphology |
a pronoun that expresses a non-specific or non-defining meaning |
someone, anybody, everything, many, one, more, all |
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morphology |
the form of the genitive where the “possessed object” is missing; i.e. in the noun phrase, only the determining element (the “possessor”) is present, the head noun is missing since it can be deduced from the context |
I’ll take my car and you’ll take Peter’s. |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; |
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pragmalinguistics stylistics |
The instability of meaning, the uncertainty of reference, and the variations in interpretations of grammatical forms and categories, which is a typical feature of spoken language as it is heavily dependent on the context of situation. |
The statement “The window is dirty” may be interpreted as a command, or as a critical remark depending on the speaker´s intent. |
neurčitosť hovoreného prejavu |
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morphology |
a form of the grammatical category of mood which expresses the factual meaning of stating something; it is the most frequent verb form and involves all the choices of person, number, voice, tense, aspect. It is required that subject and verb should be in concord. |
He is studying law. |
oznamovací spôsob (indikatív) |
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syntax |
a type of object of a verb typically having the semantic role of recipient; it usually precedes a direct object in structures with ditransitive verb. |
He bought her flowers. |
nepriamy predmet (objekt); v slovenčine každý predmet, ktorý nie je v bezpredložkovom akuzatíve |
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pragmalinguistics stylistics |
The meaning of the linguistic means used may be different from the content intended to be communicated; the content is communicated indirectly. For example, a command is expressed through a question, not an imperative sentence. |
Could you open the window? |
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morphology |
a dictionary form of the verb, the non-finite verb form reflecting only two grammatical categories (voice and aspect); it can have 1) the form of to-infinitive or bare infinitive, 2) present and past forms, 3) simple and progressive forms, and 4) active and passive forms. |
1) It’s time to go. She can swim. 2) He is said to be in prison. He is said to have been in prison. 3) He seems to be ok. He seems to be winning. 4) She is going to invite them. She is going to be invited. |
neurčitok (infinitív) |
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word-formation |
an affix inserted into an otherwise indivisible root; used mostly in colloquial speech |
absobloodylutely |
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morphology |
an inflectional morpheme; a morpheme added to the base form of a noun and verb to express grammatical meaning of their grammatical categories, or to the base form of an adjective and adverb to express comparative and superlative degrees |
verb: 0, -s, -ed, -ing noun: 0, -s, |
koncovka, tvarotvorná prípona, gramatická morféma |
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morphology |
one form in a certain paradigm |
‘Book’ (singular) and ‘books’ (plural) are two inflectional forms of the lexeme ‘book |
ohybný tvar |
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stylistics |
This is language use characteristic of or appropriate to ordinary, casual, or familiar use. Informal language is more commonly used in situations that are more relaxed and involve people we know well. Contractions, relative clauses without a relative pronoun, and ellipsis are more common in informal language, vocabulary of Anglo-Saxon origin, etc. |
She’s decided to accept the job. She’s = contraction. start - informal, commence - formal; |
bežný hovorový jazyk |
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morphology |
a non-finite verb form which is made by adding –ing to the base form; it is a cover term for two functions: 1) present participle and 2) gerund; they can be differentiated only in the linguistic context |
1) He is reading. |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; |
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morphology |
describes the quality as being innate to the object |
wooden table |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; |
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word-formation |
word formed out of the initial letters of particular phrase pronouced as a sequence of letters |
MBA, CSI, VIP |
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phonetics, phonology |
A movement generating a flow of air pushing it through the vocal tract is called initialization. |
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morphology, syntax |
an adverb which strengthens, intensifies, or focuses on a particular aspect of the meaning of an item. Intensifiers are often subdivided into amplifiers and downtoners |
amplifiers: very, really, totally downtoners: hardly, barely, slightly |
príslovka miery |
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phonetics phonology |
Intensity is a physical property of a sound depending on the amount of energy present. |
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interlanguage homonym → false friend |
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syntax |
a sentence that asks a question; typically marked by inversion of subject and operator and, possibly, a presence of a Wh-word. |
Have they met you yet? |
opytovacia (interogatívna) veta |
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stylistics |
Relationship between a text and other texts. The meaning of a text is shaped by another text, e.g. through reference to the same character, plot, etc. |
J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series shares many similarities with |
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stylistics |
Intertextuality (the concept is based on Bakhtin and Voloshinov) means that texts are related to other texts, a current text contains elements of a previous text, that is, texts belong to historical series. |
For instance, in his renowned novel Ulysses, James Joyce retells The Odyssey by Homer. |
intertextualita |
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phonetics phonology |
In a broader sense, it covers all prosodic characteristics of speech, related to longer units. In a narrow sense, intonation is a perceived change in pitch over time. |
Broader sense: note prosody; narrow sense: note intonational contour. |
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phonetics phonology |
An intonational countour describes a movement of the pitch of the voice in speech. It represents the combination of the tones of a breath-group (blue line in the example is the intonational contour). |
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syntax |
verbs having no object; verbs without any other objects being necessary to complete their meaning, e.g. verbs like ‘appear, come, lie, snow, etc. |
It rains here a lot. He arrived late. |
neprechodné sloveso (intranzitívum); slovenčina tento termín definuje inak (pozri slovenskú časť) |
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stylistics |
Recontextualisation may be within the same text, discourse or conversation. It plays an important part in most discourses in so far as it refers to what has been said before, or anticipates what is to be said. |
In conversation, for instance, the one part usually infuses what the other part just – or earlier – has said in a new context thus adding new meaning to it. For example: Last time you said you did not remember but I think you just don´t want to talk about it. |
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invention → coinage |
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syntax |
a reversal of the usual sequence of constituents, the swapping of the position of subject and verb; it is standard in questions (a) and optional in declarative sentences beginning with a negative adverbial (b) or an adverbial of place (c). |
a) Is he home? b) Barely had he closed the door, when the phone rang. c) Up went the balloon. |
inverzný (obrátený) slovosled |
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morphology |
a verb inflectional forms of which are not predictable by general rule (get – got – got); they have survived from Old English (5th - 10th cnt) that was an inflectional language; there is a variety of types of ending and internal changes. |
wrote, brought, read, put, etc. |
v slovenčine existuje pojem “nepravidelné sloveso”, ale nepravidelnosť spočíva v inom princípe (tvary podľa osôb, napr. byť) než v angličtine (minulý tvar slovies) |
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phonetics phonology |
Isochrony is associated with the rhythm of languages - the property of being equally spaced in time. The rhythm of English is isochronous because stressed syllables (note stress) are produced at approximately same intervals regardless the number of unstressed syllables between them. |
If the following sentence is said with isochronous stress the part ‘both of them’ should be produced as long as ‘came’ and ‘here’. ‘both of them ‘came ‘here |
