Online encyclopedic English-Slovak and Slovak-English

Linguistics Dictionary

Term
The linguistics
field it belongs to

The conceptualization
in the language of origin

Example
Translation accounting
for the content equivalence

emphasis 

phonetics phonology

Emphasis refers to strengthening of the quality of what is being delivered (by means of loudness, length, extra stress, and any other prosodic means).

0

dôraz

emphasis 

stylistics

Stress laid on particular words, by means of position (inversion, clefting, fronting), repetition, or other indication (e.g. bold type font).

This is very very very good.
This is
so good.

dôraz

emphasizer 

syntax

an adverbial which gives a polar assessment of the clause; it provides the truth value of the idea, e.g. really, certainly, definitely ‘something is or is not true’

Definitely, this is a great idea. That was a truly memorable experience.

častica (potvrdzuje platnosť predchádzajúcej výpovede)

end-focus principle 

stylistics

Placing the new or most important information towards the end of a clause; or putting new information at the end of sentences and ‘given’ information at the beginning of sentences.

e.g. in advertisements: NuVision handles EVERYTHING: ordering, installation and service.

objektívny slovosled

end-weight principle 

stylistics

Placing the more weighty part of a clause towards the end (weight of a language unit is defined in terms of length or syntactic complexity). In, English, more words are after the verb than before. We try to put long “heavy” elements at the end of the sentence, and keep the subject as short as possible. This is usually achieved by It-subject.

It is unfortunate that many doctors who came to Finland in the 1960’s had to start their medical studies over from the beginning in order to be licensed to practice here.

princíp umiestnenia rozvitých a viacnásobných vetných členov za prísudok

epenthesis 

phonetics/ phonology

Epenthesis is a process of adding a redundant sound in a sequence of phonemes.

e. g. In Irish English - film - [fɪləm] /in RP - film - [fɪlm]

epentéza

epistemic modality 

stylistics

A sub-type of linguistic modality that deals with a speaker’s evaluation/judgment of, degree of confidence in, or belief of the knowledge upon which a proposition is based. In speech it is realized grammatically: through modal verbs, adverbials, or through certain intonational patterns.

He must be a good chess player, Perhaps, he´s a good chess player

epistemická/istotná modalita

epithet 

stylistics

A word or phrase which characterizes a noun and is regularly associated with it; a byname, or a descriptive term (word or phrase), accompanying or occurring in place of a name and having entered common usage. It has various shades of meaning when applied to seemingly real or fictitious people, divinities, objects.

Pallas Athena, Alfred the Great; Suleiman the Magnificent; Władysław I the Elbow-high.

epiteton

etymology 

lexicology

the branch of linguistics (of lexicology or historical linguistics) which studies the origins and history of the form and meaning of words; the origin and history of a particular word

the term lexicology is composed of two words of Greek origin: lexikó meaning word and logos standing for study or science

etymológia

euphemism 

lexicology/ semantics

A word or phrase used to avoid saying an unpleasant or offensive word.

Senior citizen is a euphemism for “old person”, or to pass away (to die), to be in the family way (be pregnant), mentally challenged (stupid).

eufemizmus

euphony 

stylistics

Grouping of sounds in such a manner that it fulfills an aesthetic function; pleasing effect to the ear, especially a pleasant sounding or harmonious combination or succession of words.

Ode to Autumn (By John Keats):
Season of
mists and mellow fruitfulness,
Close bosom-friend of the maturing
sun;
Conspiring with him how to load and bless
With
fruit the vines that round the thatch –eves run;
To
bend with apples the moss’d cottage-trees,
And fill
all fruit with ripeness to the core;

eufónia

evaluative adjective 

stylistics

Adjective giving an opinion on the amount, value or quality of something.

new, excellent, gorgeous, ugly

hodnotiace adjektívum

exclamative 

syntax

of exclamation, i.e. a phrase or a clause that we usually say suddenly and loudly because we are surprised, angry or excited

What a beautiful dress!

zvolacia (exklamatívna) veta

exophoric  words

stylistics

Words referring to the external situation or replacing persons, things, places, time, within the shared situation. They signal that reference must be made to the non-linguistic factors outside the text, i.e. to the context of the situation.

A: Going to buy one? B: Don’t know. A: Better hurry, they’re packing up.

exoforické výrazy

explicit  language

stylistics

Fully and clearly formulated without vagueness, implication, or ambiguity, i.e. leaving no questions as to meaning or intent.

I have but one passion in my life, Mr. Rainsford, and it is the hunt.

explicitný jazyk, explicitné vyjadrovanie

expressive 

stylistics

Relating to the addresser, best exemplified by interjections and expressions that do not alter the denotative meaning of an utterance but add information about the speaker’s feelings or attitudes.

Wow, what a view.

expresívny

expressive  meaning

lexicology/ semantics

Meanings beyond or in addition to its conceptual meanings. They may show emotions, attitudes towards what the word refers to. Expressive meaning is that aspect of meaning which concerns a speakers emotional attitude towards the denotation of a given sign.

Showing what someone thinks or feels: we may refer to an object as being big or very big, however, we may also refer to it as being huge, colossal, or gigantic. The adjectives huge, colossal and gigantic are much more expressive than big or very big.

expresívny význam

expressives 

pragmalinguistics stylistics

speech acts that express the speaker’s attitudes and emotions towards the proposition; congratulations, excuses and thanks

Congratulations on your promotion. Sorry for being late. Many happy returnes of the day.

expresíva

extralinguistic context 

stylistics

Contextual factors that are socially, regionally or situationally relevant to the production and interpretation of texts. Extralingual (situational) context can be physical or abstract and can significantly affect the communication. It comprises extralingual conditions in which communication takes place, contributes to understanding the meanings of words and allows the speaker to avoid situationally redundant language signs. A conversation between interactants can be affected by surroundings in terms of background noise, music, location, and the presence of others. Such surroundings form a physical context. It may be affected by the nature of their relationship. Such nature forms an abstract context.

the commands of a surgeon in an operating room, such as scalpel”, “pincers” or “tampon”, are immediately understood because the interactants are all familiar with the physical context of the interaction.

mimojazykový kontext

extra-linguistic reality 

lexicology

the world beyond the bounds of language; it is a reality outside the realm of linguistics, it includes all the concrete and abstract phenomena which we can imagine in our mind and are expressible by language means

pencil, barking of the dog, love are parts of extra-linguistic reality

mimojazyková skutočnosť