| Term | The linguistics field it belongs to | The conceptualization in the language of origin | Example | Translation accounting for the content equivalence |
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phonetics phonology |
Emphasis refers to strengthening of the quality of what is being delivered (by means of loudness, length, extra stress, and any other prosodic means). |
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dôraz |
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stylistics |
Stress laid on particular words, by means of position (inversion, clefting, fronting), repetition, or other indication (e.g. bold type font). |
This is very very very good. |
dôraz |
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syntax |
an adverbial which gives a polar assessment of the clause; it provides the truth value of the idea, e.g. really, certainly, definitely ‘something is or is not true’ |
Definitely, this is a great idea. That was a truly memorable experience. |
častica (potvrdzuje platnosť predchádzajúcej výpovede) |
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stylistics |
Placing the new or most important information towards the end of a clause; or putting new information at the end of sentences and ‘given’ information at the beginning of sentences. |
e.g. in advertisements: NuVision handles EVERYTHING: ordering, installation and service. |
objektívny slovosled |
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stylistics |
Placing the more weighty part of a clause towards the end (weight of a language unit is defined in terms of length or syntactic complexity). In, English, more words are after the verb than before. We try to put long “heavy” elements at the end of the sentence, and keep the subject as short as possible. This is usually achieved by It-subject. |
It is unfortunate that many doctors who came to Finland in the 1960’s had to start their medical studies over from the beginning in order to be licensed to practice here. |
princíp umiestnenia rozvitých a viacnásobných vetných členov za prísudok |
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phonetics/ phonology |
Epenthesis is a process of adding a redundant sound in a sequence of phonemes. |
e. g. In Irish English - film - [fɪləm] /in RP - film - [fɪlm] |
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stylistics |
A sub-type of linguistic modality that deals with a speaker’s evaluation/judgment of, degree of confidence in, or belief of the knowledge upon which a proposition is based. In speech it is realized grammatically: through modal verbs, adverbials, or through certain intonational patterns. |
He must be a good chess player, Perhaps, he´s a good chess player |
epistemická/istotná modalita |
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stylistics |
A word or phrase which characterizes a noun and is regularly associated with it; a byname, or a descriptive term (word or phrase), accompanying or occurring in place of a name and having entered common usage. It has various shades of meaning when applied to seemingly real or fictitious people, divinities, objects. |
Pallas Athena, Alfred the Great; Suleiman the Magnificent; Władysław I the Elbow-high. |
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lexicology |
the branch of linguistics (of lexicology or historical linguistics) which studies the origins and history of the form and meaning of words; the origin and history of a particular word |
the term lexicology is composed of two words of Greek origin: lexikó meaning word and logos standing for study or science |
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lexicology/ semantics |
A word or phrase used to avoid saying an unpleasant or offensive word. |
Senior citizen is a euphemism for “old person”, or to pass away (to die), to be in the family way (be pregnant), mentally challenged (stupid). |
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stylistics |
Grouping of sounds in such a manner that it fulfills an aesthetic function; pleasing effect to the ear, especially a pleasant sounding or harmonious combination or succession of words. |
Ode to Autumn (By John Keats): |
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stylistics |
Adjective giving an opinion on the amount, value or quality of something. |
new, excellent, gorgeous, ugly |
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syntax |
of exclamation, i.e. a phrase or a clause that we usually say suddenly and loudly because we are surprised, angry or excited |
What a beautiful dress! |
zvolacia (exklamatívna) veta |
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stylistics |
Words referring to the external situation or replacing persons, things, places, time, within the shared situation. They signal that reference must be made to the non-linguistic factors outside the text, i.e. to the context of the situation. |
A: Going to buy one? B: Don’t know. A: Better hurry, they’re packing up. |
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stylistics |
Fully and clearly formulated without vagueness, implication, or ambiguity, i.e. leaving no questions as to meaning or intent. |
I have but one passion in my life, Mr. Rainsford, and it is the hunt. |
explicitný jazyk, explicitné vyjadrovanie |
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stylistics |
Relating to the addresser, best exemplified by interjections and expressions that do not alter the denotative meaning of an utterance but add information about the speaker’s feelings or attitudes. |
Wow, what a view. |
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lexicology/ semantics |
Meanings beyond or in addition to its conceptual meanings. They may show emotions, attitudes towards what the word refers to. Expressive meaning is that aspect of meaning which concerns a speakers emotional attitude towards the denotation of a given sign. |
Showing what someone thinks or feels: we may refer to an object as being big or very big, however, we may also refer to it as being huge, colossal, or gigantic. The adjectives huge, colossal and gigantic are much more expressive than big or very big. |
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pragmalinguistics stylistics |
speech acts that express the speaker’s attitudes and emotions towards the proposition; congratulations, excuses and thanks |
Congratulations on your promotion. Sorry for being late. Many happy returnes of the day. |
expresíva |
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stylistics |
Contextual factors that are socially, regionally or situationally relevant to the production and interpretation of texts. Extralingual (situational) context can be physical or abstract and can significantly affect the communication. It comprises extralingual conditions in which communication takes place, contributes to understanding the meanings of words and allows the speaker to avoid situationally redundant language signs. A conversation between interactants can be affected by surroundings in terms of background noise, music, location, and the presence of others. Such surroundings form a physical context. It may be affected by the nature of their relationship. Such nature forms an abstract context. |
the commands of a surgeon in an operating room, such as “scalpel”, “pincers” or “tampon”, are immediately understood because the interactants are all familiar with the physical context of the interaction. |
mimojazykový kontext |
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lexicology |
the world beyond the bounds of language; it is a reality outside the realm of linguistics, it includes all the concrete and abstract phenomena which we can imagine in our mind and are expressible by language means |
pencil, barking of the dog, love are parts of extra-linguistic reality |