| Term | The linguistics field it belongs to | The conceptualization in the language of origin | Example | Translation accounting for the content equivalence |
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pragmalinguistics stylistics |
The concept of face is understood in terms of how we want to be perceived by others. We act socially and build our identity for others to see. This identity, or public self-image, is what we project via social and linguistic interaction. |
You may use language that rejects someone´s face, e.g.: “you don’t know how to manage this shop.” You may use language that makes it obvious you enjoy other people´s company, i.e. approve of their face, e.g. complimenting them: "what a lovely dress”. |
pojem je prebratý z anglosaskej tradície pragmalingvistiky, koncept “tváre”; pre potreby prekladu volíme termín “pragmalingvistický koncept tváre” |
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false cognate → false friend |
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lexicology |
a word in one language that looks or sounds similar to a word in another language, but has a significantly different meaning which foreign learners may easily misrecognise |
genial (English) – geniálny (Slovak), gymnasium – gymnázium, chef – šéf |
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false synonym → paronym |
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faux ami → |
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stylistics |
Something feigned, invented, imagined or a made-up. |
A fictional story is a story that has been invented by its writer. |
fiktívny |
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stylistics |
The communicative event the constituents of which are the text functions, the speaker, the extralinguistic reality. Together they make available a certain settings in which a specific topic is discussed. |
adverstising, journalism, religion |
komunikačná sféra |
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stylistics |
Language means deviating from their primary definitions in order to achieve a more complicated understanding |
Head of department. Head is the most important part of the body, thus head of department is the person in charge, the person who makse the most important decisions and is resposible for running the department. |
obrazné prostriedky |
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morphology |
a verb form in which six grammatical categories of a verb can be recognized (person, number, mood, voice, tense, aspect); it is in concord with the subject |
I have been to England. |
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phonetics phonology |
A flap is a type of consonant sound pronounced with the tip of the tongue curled back and then thrown in forward and allowing it to strike the alveolar ridge. |
ⱱ- labiodental flap, ɾ- alveolar flap, ɽ - retroflex alveolar flap. Some varieties of English, e. g. Scottish, employ alveolar flap [kɾuː] rather than alveolar approximant - [kruː] |
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syntax |
an adverbial which focuses attention on a particular element of a sentence, e.g. only, just |
Only Kate knew the answer. |
vymedzovacia častica |
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phonetics phonology |
One theory on English rhythm employs foot as a basic unit of rhythm (similarly like in the verse analysis), it is marked by a similar symbol like a boundary. |
when I woke up II didn’t even realise I what time it was |
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stylistics |
Making certain linguistic features more prominent; Linguist M.A.K. Halliday has characterized foregrounding as motivated prominence: “the phenomenon of linguistic highlighting, whereby some features of the language of a text stand out in some way” (Explorations in the Functions of Language, 1973). The point of foregrounding as a stylistic strategy is that it should acquire salience in the act of drawing attention to itself.” |
The basic idea in foregrounding is that the clauses which comprise a text can be divided into two classes. The ones which convey the most central or important ideas in text, and the ones which elaborate on the important ideas, adding specificity or contextual information to help in the interpretation of the central ideas. The clauses conveying the most central or important information are called foregrounded clauses, and the clauses elaborating the central propositions are called backgrounded clause: for example, the boldfaced clause in the text fragment below conveys foregrounded information while the italicized clauses convey background. information: The smaller fish is now in an air bubble |
vetná aktualizácia, príznakovosť |
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form → word |
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stylistics |
Being in accordance with required or traditional rules, procedures, etc.; conventionality. |
The following forms of address used in e-mails are examples of formal language: Dear Sir/Madam, Dear Mr/Mrs (surname). |
formálny |
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stylistics |
Being in accordance with required or traditional rules, procedures, etc.; conventionality. |
An example of a formality is two people shaking hands when they meet. |
formálnosť |
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phonetics phonology |
Formant represents a concentration of energy at certain frequencies, a combination of formants determines the features of vowels and in some cases of consonants. In the example, the formants are shown by the high concentration of red dots. For phonetics, first three formants are important. |
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phonetics phonology |
Fortis consonants are voiceless consonants. This feature is determined by the absence of vibration of the vocal folds. |
Speakers produce voiceless sounds when vocal folds do not vibrate. Voiceless sounds are for example p, t, k, f, h, etc. |
fortisový/á/é |
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phonetics phonology |
Frequency refers to wave-like pulses measured per second. |
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stylistics, syntax |
The movement of an element to the initial position of clause, often accompanied by inversion; it refers to any construction in which a word group that customarily follows the verb is placed at the beginning of a sentence. Also called front-focus or preposing. |
In June came ponderous heat and mornings like eggshells, pale and smooth. Powerful you have become Dooku, the dark side I sense in you. (Yoda, Star Wars: Episode II--Attack of the Clones, 2002) |
subjektívny slovosled |
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lexicology |
a homonym which occurs within the same part of speech |
bank – bank, race – race, |
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morphology |
a verb with full lexical meaning; it always functions as main in the sentence; it can be the only verb in the verb phrase or it can be accompanied by auxiliary verb/s or a modal verb. |
I live in Prešov. I am studying English. I have been studying English for 10 years. I can speak English. |
plnovýznamové sloveso (autosémantické verbum) |
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phonetics phonology |
Function words are words such as conjunctions, articles and prepositions bearing little stress in a sentence. |
Megan had decided. |
synsémantické slovo, V slovenčine ide o všetky neplnovýznamové slová, pričom tie vo vetnom prízvuku nezohrávajú žiadnu úlohu. |
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functional shift → conversion |
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phonetics phonology |
Fundamental frequency is the frequency of the vibration of the vocal folds (formants express the frequency in other resonance chambers, especially in the oral cavity). |
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popular grammar |
lay term, inappropriate in English morphology |
English has no inflection for marking future tense, that’s why we do not speak of ‘future tense’, rather of ‘lexical means of expressing future time’ |
budúci čas (gramatický) (futúrum) |

