Online encyclopedic English-Slovak and Slovak-English

Linguistics Dictionary

Term
The linguistics
field it belongs to

The conceptualization
in the language of origin

Example
Translation accounting
for the content equivalence

face 

pragmalinguistics stylistics

The concept of face is understood in terms of how we want to be perceived by others. We act socially and build our identity for others to see. This identity, or public self-image, is what we project via social and linguistic interaction.

You may use language that rejects someone´s face, e.g.: “you don’t know how to manage this shop.” You may use language that makes it obvious you enjoy other people´s company, i.e. approve of their face, e.g. complimenting them: "what a lovely dress”.

pojem je prebratý z anglosaskej tradície pragmalingvistiky, koncept “tváre”; pre potreby prekladu volíme termín “pragmalingvistický koncept tváre”

false cognate false friend

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false friend 

lexicology

a word in one language that looks or sounds similar to a word in another language, but has a significantly different meaning which foreign learners may easily misrecognise

genial (English) – geniálny (Slovak), gymnasium – gymnázium, chef – šéf

medzijazykové homonymum, zradné slovo

false synonym paronym

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faux ami 
false friend

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fictional 

stylistics

Something feigned, invented, imagined or a made-up.

A fictional story is a story that has been invented by its writer.

fiktívny

field of discourse /domain 

stylistics

The communicative event the constituents of which are the text functions, the speaker, the extralinguistic reality. Together they make available a certain settings in which a specific topic is discussed.

adverstising, journalism, religion

komunikačná sféra

figurative language means 

stylistics

Language means deviating from their primary definitions in order to achieve a more complicated understanding

Head of department. Head is the most important part of the body, thus head of department is the person in charge, the person who makse the most important decisions and is resposible for running the department.

obrazné prostriedky

finite verb  

morphology

a verb form in which six grammatical categories of a verb can be recognized (person, number, mood, voice, tense, aspect); it is in concord with the subject

I have been to England.

určitý slovesný tvar

flap 

phonetics phonology

A flap is a type of consonant sound pronounced with the tip of the tongue curled back and then thrown in forward and allowing it to strike the alveolar ridge.

- labiodental flap, ɾ- alveolar flap, ɽ - retroflex alveolar flap. Some varieties of English, e. g. Scottish, employ alveolar flap [kɾuː] rather than alveolar approximant - [kr]

vibranta

focusing subjunct 

syntax

an adverbial which focuses attention on a particular element of a sentence, e.g. only, just

Only Kate knew the answer.
It happened
just yesterday.

vymedzovacia častica

foot 

phonetics phonology

One theory on English rhythm employs foot as a basic unit of rhythm (similarly like in the verse analysis), it is marked by a similar symbol like a boundary.

when I woke up II didn’t even realise I what time it was

stopa

foregrounding 

stylistics

Making certain linguistic features more prominent; Linguist M.A.K. Halliday has characterized foregrounding as motivated prominence: “the phenomenon of linguistic highlighting, whereby some features of the language of a text stand out in some way” (Explorations in the Functions of Language, 1973). The point of foregrounding as a stylistic strategy is that it should acquire salience in the act of drawing attention to itself.”
(Paul Simpson, Stylistics: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge,
2004)

The basic idea in foregrounding is that the clauses which comprise a text can be divided into two classes. The ones which convey the most central or important ideas in text, and the ones which elaborate on the important ideas, adding specificity or contextual information to help in the interpretation of the central ideas. The clauses conveying the most central or important information are called foregrounded clauses, and the clauses elaborating the central propositions are called backgrounded clause: for example, the boldfaced clause in the text fragment below conveys foregrounded information while the italicized clauses convey background. information: The smaller fish is now in an air bubble
spinning
and
turning
and making its way upward

vetná aktualizácia, príznakovosť

form word

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formal 

stylistics

Being in accordance with required or traditional rules, procedures, etc.; conventionality.

The following forms of address used in e-mails are examples of formal language: Dear Sir/Madam, Dear Mr/Mrs (surname).

formálny

formality 

stylistics

Being in accordance with required or traditional rules, procedures, etc.; conventionality.

An example of a formality is two people shaking hands when they meet.

formálnosť

formant 

phonetics phonology

Formant represents a concentration of energy at certain frequencies, a combination of formants determines the features of vowels and in some cases of consonants. In the example, the formants are shown by the high concentration of red dots. For phonetics, first three formants are important.


formant

fortis 

phonetics phonology

Fortis consonants are voiceless consonants. This feature is determined by the absence of vibration of the vocal folds.

Speakers produce voiceless sounds when vocal folds do not vibrate. Voiceless sounds are for example p, t, k, f, h, etc.

fortisový/á/é

frequency 

phonetics phonology

Frequency refers to wave-like pulses measured per second.


frekvencia

fronting 

stylistics, syntax

The movement of an element to the initial position of clause, often accompanied by inversion; it refers to any construction in which a word group that customarily follows the verb is placed at the beginning of a sentence. Also called front-focus or preposing.

In June came ponderous heat and mornings like eggshells, pale and smooth. Powerful you have become Dooku, the dark side I sense in you. (Yoda, Star Wars: Episode II--Attack of the Clones, 2002)

subjektívny slovosled

full homonym 

lexicology

a homonym which occurs within the same part of speech

bank – bank, race – race,
spring – spring

úplné homonymum, lexikálne homonymum

full verb 

morphology

a verb with full lexical meaning; it always functions as main in the sentence; it can be the only verb in the verb phrase or it can be accompanied by auxiliary verb/s or a modal verb.

I live in Prešov. I am studying English. I have been studying English for 10 years. I can speak English.

plnovýznamové sloveso (autosémantické verbum)

function word 

phonetics phonology

Function words are words such as conjunctions, articles and prepositions bearing little stress in a sentence.

Megan had decided.
[ ˈmeɡən
əd dɪˈsaɪdɪd ]

synsémantické slovo, V slovenčine ide o všetky neplnovýznamové slová, pričom tie vo vetnom prízvuku nezohrávajú žiadnu úlohu.

functional shift conversion

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fundamental frequency 

phonetics phonology

Fundamental frequency is the frequency of the vibration of the vocal folds (formants express the frequency in other resonance chambers, especially in the oral cavity).

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fundamentálna frekvencia

future tense 

popular grammar

lay term, inappropriate in English morphology

English has no inflection for marking future tense, that’s why we do not speak of ‘future tense’, rather of ‘lexical means of expressing future time

budúci čas (gramatický) (futúrum)