| Term | The linguistics field it belongs to | The conceptualization in the language of origin | Example | Translation accounting for the content equivalence |
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stylistics |
Declarations are speech acts that change the reality in accord with the proposition of the declaration. |
I pronounce you man and wife. |
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phonetics, phonology |
Declination is a tendency towards a falling pitch at the end of an utterance. |
In the following example, the pitch is falling at end of the following statement.
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stylistics |
Words or phrases which refer to a specific time, place, person or thing in a text, without actually naming them by using a noun. |
Go over there and look over that mess. |
ukazovacie výrazy |
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stylistics |
Increased tendency towards informal language use. |
Nowadays, in BBC interviews, the reporters tend to use instances of colloquial English, such as inclusive pronouns we (to indicate that the reporter shares the same culture and world as the listeners), discourse markers (Oh, well, right) and shortened words (coz instead of because). |
demokratizácia |
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morphology |
grammatical term for the lexical units ‘this, that, these, those’ followed by a noun, they premodify a noun. |
Can you pass that book, please? |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; pre potreby angličtiny sa používa doslovný preklad “ukazovacie prídavné meno”; v slovenčine sa tieto prípady nehodnotia ako adjektíva, ale ako zámená vo forme prídavného mena |
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morphology |
grammatical term for the lexical units ‘this, that, these, those’ standing by themselves; they are not followed by a noun, i.e they do not premodify a noun. |
Can you pass me that, please? |
ukazovacie zámeno (demonstratívne pronominum) |
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demotivated idiom → pure idiom |
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lexicology |
primary dictionary meaning, literal meaning of a word expressing notional (conceptual) properties of a word in terms of its reference to an object, concept etc. in the real world; the act or fact of denoting; the relationship between a linguistic form, i.e. a sequence of sounds or a sequence of letters (as in the word ‘needle’) and the object this particular linguistic form refers to |
the word needle refers to a sharp instrument made of steel used in sewing (which represents its denotative meaning) |
denotačný význam, denotácia |
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denotative meaning → denotation |
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word formation; derivational morphology |
word formation process which consists of “deriving” new words by attaching affixes to pre-existing base forms. |
over-turn, activ-ate, child-hood |
derivácia |
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word formation |
derivation and derivational rules of a given language viewed as a part of its morphology; part of morphology dealing with the study of word formation, particularly derivation |
morphology that creates new lexemes by adding affixes to base forms to build up new meaning |
derivatológia, slovotvorba |
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word-formation; derivational morphology |
prefix which is attached to the existing root to form new lexeme |
un-popular; dis-like |
slovotvorný prefix, slovotvorná predpona |
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word-formation; derivational morphology |
suffix that is added to the existing root to form new lexeme |
believ-able; care-ful |
(slovotvorný)sufix, slovotvorná prípona |
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deterioration → pejoration |
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morphology, syntax |
in English, a closed word class that indicates some kind of reference. It includes articles, possessive adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, numerals, quantifiers, etc. It has three subgroups: 1) central determiner, 2) pre-determiner, 3) post-determiner |
1) a/the/0/my/that/one/neither 2) many books, much/some/any/no 3) both/several/five |
v slovenčine takýto slovný druh nie je, a preto ani slovenský termín neexistuje; |
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phonetics/phonology |
Devoicing is a process during which a voiced sound is pronounced as devoiced due to the influence of the context (other sounds surrounding the sound undergoing the process). |
play - [pɬeɪ] (l is partially devoiced by the influence of the preceding voiceless, aspirated stop |
znelostná neutralizácia Pozor na rozdiel medzi znelostnou neutralizáciou a asimiláciou. |
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sociolinguistics stylistics |
A type of language variation reflecting historical stages of language development as follow each other on the diachronic axis. |
Use of extinct, obsolete, old-fashioned, current, fashionable expressions. The following is an example of an obsolote word (that has disappeared from language use): ludibrious, an adjective meaning “apt to be a subject of jest or mockery”. This word describes a person, thing or situation that is likely to be the butt of jokes. You can use it when you want to sound justified in poking fun at someone. “How could I resist? He’s just so ludibrious.” |
podoba jazyka odzkradľujúca isté obdobie jeho vývoja |
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lexicology phonetics/phonology sociolinguistics stylistics |
a regional or social variety of a language with specific features of grammar and vocabulary, and which may be associated with a distinctive accent |
For example, the regional dialects in the UK include: Midland English, Geordie, Welsh English, etc. Social dialects in London include Received Pronunciation, Estuary English, Cockney, etc. |
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stylistics |
A conversation between two or more persons. |
The following interaction is a dialogue: A: “Hi, how´re you doing? B: “Good.” |
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sociolinguistics stylistics |
A type of language variation depending on different communicative settings, in other words, the use of different levels of style/register. |
Use of oral vs. written language, foreigner talk, vulgar style. |
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sociolinguistics stylistics |
This type of language variation means that in different social groups (according to age, sex, profession ...), different sociolects are used, in other words, language varieties depending on social, cultural or educational factors. |
Examples of this type of language variety are: youth language or IT specialists´ language. |
sociálny komunikačný register |
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sociolinguistics/ stylistics |
This type of language variation means that in different places and regions of the linguistic area, different dialects are spoken |
Cockney English is the variety spoken in London. |
regionálny dialekt |
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stylistics |
The speaker’s word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness or effectiveness. |
Manifestation of diction includes the accent, inflection, intonation, and speech-sound quality in an individual speaker´s speech, usually judged in terms of prevailing standards of acceptability; enunciation. |
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lexicography |
the basic reference unit in a dictionary |
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phonetics/phonology |
A digraph is a combination of two graphemes represented by a single sound. |
In the word feet, ee is pronounced as one sound [i:] [fiːt]. |
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phonetics/phonology |
A diphthong is a glide from one vowel to another one within a syllable. |
In the word sway, ay is pronounced as a movement from vowel [e] to vowel [ɪ] [sweɪ]. |
diftong (dvojhláska) |
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syntax |
a type of object of a verb; if only one object follows a verb, it is always a direct object; if a verb has two objects, the first is indirect, the second is direct. |
Do you miss her? (a single direct object) He bought her flowers. (indirect object, direct object) |
predmet v bezpredložkovom akuzatíve |
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stylistics |
Speech acts that are to cause the hearer to take a particular action. They can have a form of a statement, a question, or an exclamation. |
Requests, commands and advice: I want the window open. Would you mind opening the window? How come the window is not open? |
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stylistics |
A continuous stretch of (especially spoken) language larger than a sentence; it refers to a unit of language longer than a single sentence. More broadly, discourse is the use of spoken or written language in a social context. (https://www.thoughtco.com/discourse-language-term-1690464) |
Conversation, a dissertation, treatise, sermon, etc. |
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general linguistics stylistics |
1. The study of the rules or patterns characterizing units of connected speech or writing longer than a sentence. 2. The study of the rules governing appropriate language use in communicative situations. 3. The study of how sentences in spoken or written language form larger meaningful units, such as a paragraph, a conversation, an interview, and so on. |
e.g. analyzing speech acts in a particular legislative process to reach a certain aim |
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pragmalinguistics stylistics |
A type of communicative event in which speech is the main component. |
a greeting or small talk, meeting, conference, summit, wedding, funeral, party, exam, etc. |
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stylistics |
Discourse technologies are tools designed to spread new information and knowledge as discourses (which may be economic, organizational, manegerial, political or educational). |
interviewing, teaching, counselling and advertising |
diskurzívne technológie |
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syntax |
an adverbial expression which indicates the speaker’s viewpoint towards or evaluation of what is said (personally, fortunately, honestly, indeed). Syntactically, it is less integrated in the clause structure and may modify the whole sentence or utterance. Typically, it takes front position and is separated from a sentence by a comma. |
Honestly, I don’t believe he’ll keep the promise. Personally, I would not go there. |
diskurzný marker, častica |
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morphology |
verb that is followed by two objects to complete the meaning. |
He bought her flowers. |
sloveso s dvoma predmetmi - nepriamym a priamym (ditranzitívne verbum) |
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morphology |
the combination of possessive -’s and of-construction to indicate two meanings: (relative) possession ‘one out of several’ ‘and some out of many’ |
a painting of Picasso’s = one of the works painted by Picasso (the meaning is specific: authorship and/or possession) (Picasso’s painting means either possession, authorship, or that he is in the painting) |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; na vysvetlenie tohto javy v angličtine sa požíva doslovný preklad “dvojitý genitív” |
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morphology, syntax |
a subclass of intensifier that is used to mark a weakening effect on a particular aspect of meaning. This is achieved by adverbs such as ‘barely, hardly, partially, slightly’. |
It’s been barely a week. The building was partially destroyed. |
príslovka miery |
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morphology, syntax |
do’/’does’/did’: a structure word required in some constructions, it does not carry lexical meaning |
Do you know them? I don’t know them. |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; je to typ pomocného slovesa v angličtine |
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phonetics phonology |
Duration refers to the time that a sound lasts for. |
Especially in Slovak language, the difference between short and long vowels is expressed by duration. In English, the same applies in some contexts, for example a vocalic sound pronounced before a fortis plosive is relatively shorter than the same vocalic sound produced before a lenis plosive. |
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morphology |
expresses a quality which may be viewed as temporary; usually it is used to indicate a feature different than usually; it is expressed by adding ‘being’ to an adjective. |
You are being silly. |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; |
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morphology |
a verb which primarily expresses a) activity (drink, play, sing), b) process (change, become) and bodily sensation (ache, feel, hurt). A dynamic verb can be used in the progressive aspect and in the imperative. |
a) He’s playing tennis. b) It’s becoming harder to find a job. I’m feeling sick. |
dynamické sloveso: a) činnostné sloveso b) procesné sloveso |
