| Term | The linguistics field it belongs to | The conceptualization in the language of origin | Example | Translation accounting for the content equivalence |
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stylistics |
It refers to words and phrases that are generally considered inappropriate in certain contexts. |
“Four-letter” words or dirty words |
tabuizovaná lexika |
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stylistics |
The tact maxim states the following: ‘Minimize the expression of beliefs which imply cost to other; maximize the expression of beliefs which imply benefit to other.’ The first part of this maxim fits in with Brown and Levinson’s negative politeness. |
Could I interrupt you for a second? If I could just clarify this then. |
zásada taktu |
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syntax |
a type of a clause without a lexical verb; it normally consists of an auxiliary verb, or a modal verb (which may have affirmative or negative polarity), and a subject pronoun. It shows concord with the subject in the main clause. Spoken American English prefers the word ‘right’ instead of a tag. |
He’s never come on time, has he? You’re a doctor, aren’t you? You’re a doctor, right? |
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lexicology |
a word which is either a dialectal synonym, slang synonym or synonym from another standard variety of English and is usually considered as a variant |
valley – dale (northern English dialect), girl – bird (slang), pram (UK English) – baby carriage (U.S. English) |
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phonetics phonology |
Tempo refers to the speed of the speech. |
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tenor of discourse |
stylistics |
Type of role interaction, the set of relevant social relations, permanent and temporary, among the participants involved. |
There might be a specific hierarchy between the interlocutors, e.g. when the head of a company talks to an employee, or when a person asks a stranger in the street for the time. |
sociálna rola komunikanta |
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morphology |
a grammatical category marked by verb inflection the basic use of which is to locate the situation in time. It is a grammatical category to indicate the relationship between the form of the verb and the time reference of an event or action. English has two tenses, present and past; there is no verb form referred to as *future tense, since English has no inflection for this - instead we use a range of lexical means that express future time |
‘I like it’ - present tense, present time ‘I liked it’ - past tense, past time |
gramatická kategória času |
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stylistics |
Any passage spoken or written, of whatever length that forms a unified whole; particular language usage with an identifiable beginning and end situated in time and place. A unit that forms a cohesive (i.e. a whole whose components are inter-connected) whole. |
The following is a mere collection of sentences: Two boys stood near a jeweler’s shop. They saw a man break the shop window and steal all the watches. They ran after him because they took him for a thief. |
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stylistics |
Texture is a key focus of investigation in discourse analysis comprising a set of linguistic features presented in a passage that can be identified as contributing to its total unity. Texture is the basis for unity and semantic interdependence within text. Any text that lacks texture would simply be a bunch of isolated sentences that have no relationship to each other. |
The following collection of sentences lacks texture: Two boys stood near a jeweler’s shop. They saw a man break the shop window and steal all the watches. They ran after him because they took him for a thief. The following text has all the features of texture (i.e. it is a meaningful whole in which cohesive devices have been used (a definite article, reference words, and the use of a conjunction; collocation, etc.).: Two boys stood near a jeweler’s shop. They saw a man break the shop window and steal all the watches. They ran after him because they took him for a thief. |
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thought → concept |
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morphology |
a non-linguistic concept which refers to the past, the present and the future. Time can be expressed by the combination of two grammatical categories tense and aspect. Present time denotes time reference for actions, events or states at the moment of speaking or writing, or at ‘time around now’. Past time denotes time reference for actions, events or states before the moment of speaking or writing. Future time denotes time reference for future actions, events, or states. |
Present time: present simple, present progressive, present perfect, present perfect-progressive, past simple Past time: past simple, past progressive, past perfect, past perfect progressive, present simple Lexical means of expressing future time: modal auxiliaries will, be going to, be to, be about to’, present progressive, present simple, will + present participle, (= “future progressive”) will + past infinitive (= “future perfect”) |
čas (minulosť, prítomnosť, budúcnosť) |
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phonetics, phonology |
A tone represents an identifiable movement or level of pitch used in a linguistically contrastive way. |
For example one of the transcription traditions in English is based on high (H) and low (L) tones only. Their respective function is labelled by special marks (*, !, %, or -). |
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phonetics, phonology |
Tone-unit is the basic unit of intonation in a language which consists of one or more syllables with a complete pitch movement. |
A pitch movement is depicted by means of a liner organization of tones. For example H*LH%. |
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phonetics, phonology |
Refers to stressed units (when speaking about syllables). |
Note stress (lexical stress). |
tónový prízvuk |
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stylistics |
Analysis that begins with high-level units and moves into progressively smaller units. The starting point is global genre analysis. |
You start characterising the text as a whole and then move on to smaller units, such as paragraphs, sentences, phrases, lexical units, etc. |
analýza postupujúca od jazykových jednotiek vyššej úrovne k jazykovým jednotkám nižšej úrovne |
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total synonym → absolute synonym |
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syntax |
a verb followed by at least one object. |
I bought a car. |
existuje výraz tranzitívne sloveso, pre jeho definíciu pozri slovenskú časť (jeho rozsah sa líši od anglického ponímania) |
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translation loan → calque |
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phraseology |
expressions consisting of three related, similar, antonymous or identical words usually joined by a conjunction |
lock stock and barrel; here, there and everywhere, morning noon and night |
v slovenskej lingvistike tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje |