| Term | The linguistics field it belongs to | The conceptualization in the language of origin | Example | Translation accounting for the content equivalence |
|
stylistics/semiotics |
Being prominent; the relative importance or prominence of a part of a language sign. |
Jill: “I met with someone today”. |
dominancia |
|
|
stylistics |
The state or quality by which something stands out relative to its neighbors; a prominent feature. |
The following are salient structural components of an essay: introduction, body and conclusion. |
dominantý, charakteristický, typický |
|
|
stylistics/pragmatics |
Describes the lengths that an individual may go to in order to preserve their established position in society, taking action to ensure that one is not thought badly of by his or her peers. |
Jill didn’t get the joke, but she laughed along to save face & hoped that no one would ask her to explain the punch line. |
zachovať si “tvár” |
|
|
phraseology, paremiology |
an old and well-known phrase without explicit didactic aim and wisdom |
the coast is clear, the fat is in the fire, the shoe is on the other foot |
||
|
phonetics/ phonology |
Secondary articulation refers to an additional stricture in the vocal tract to the primary one while pronouncing consonants. |
When we classify consonants, one of the important features is place of articulation. Place of articulation can be labelled as primary articulation. Secondary articulation is adding an extra stricture or shaping the vocal tract in any other way. For example, when pronouncing [ʃ], the place of articulation is an alveolar ridge, which is primary articulation, however, during the pronunciation of the sound an extra vocal tract shaping can be noticed, which is lip-rounding. Lip-rounding, therefore, is in the case of pronouncing [ʃ] considered a secondary articulation. |
||
|
phonetics/ phonology |
A segment is any discrete unit(vowel or consonant) which can be identified, either physically or auditorily, in the stream of speech. |
In word pin [pɪn], [p], [ɪ], and [n] are segments. |
||
|
stylistics |
Division of the text sequence into suitable units for hearers/readers to process. |
Text segmentation is the process of dividing written text into meaningful units, such as words, sentences, or topics. |
||
|
semantics, pragmalinguistics |
States that the set A of sentences semantically involves the set B of sentences. |
A: “How did you like the guest lecturer?”B: “Well, I´m sure the speaker was speaking English.” The B´s response has an additional nonliteral meaning, such as: “The content of the lecturer’s speech was confusing.” |
||
|
morphology |
one of the four groups of modal verbs in the typology proposed by Quirk et al (1992); it is called semi-auxiliary because one element is an auxiliary verb be or have, the other is an adjective |
to be able to, to be allowed to, to be bound to, to be capable of, to be going to, to be likely to, to be supposed to, have to, etc. |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; je to modálne sloveso pozostávajúce najčastejšie zo slovesa byť a adjektíva |
|
|
phraseology |
phraseological unit which contains one component used in its direct meaning, while the other is used metaphorically |
to meet requirements, to attain success |
frazeologické spojenie |
|
|
phraseology |
expression the meaning of which is based on the transferred meanings of the components |
to show one’s teeth (to be unfriendly), to stand to one’s teeth (to refuse to change one’s opinion) |
frazeologický celok |
|
|
semi-transparent idiom → semi-idiom |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
morphology |
a verb expressing perception through one of the senses; based on the syntactic requirement, these verbs fall into two groups: 1) sense verb + predicative adjective: to sound, to sound, to feel, to taste, to smell, to look; 2) sense verb + object + bare infinitive, or verb + object + present participle: to see, to watch, to observe, to hear, to smell, to feel |
1) It sounds good. It smells terrible. 2) I saw him dance or I saw him dancing. |
sloveso zmyslového vnímania |
|
|
syntax |
the largest independent unit of grammar. It consists of at least one main clause. In writing, sentence boundaries are defined by an initial capital letter and a full stop, an exclamation mark or a question mark at the end. A simple sentence has only one clause (one verb); if there are more verbs in a sentence, we call it a clause complex (compound, complex, compound-complex sentence). |
She is a teacher who everyone likes. (complex sentence consisting of one independent and one dependent clause); Is she a teacher? (simple sentence consisting of one independent clause) |
veta, súvetie |
|
|
stylistics |
Organization of all the texts linearily: spoken texts occur linearly in time and written texts linearly in space. |
In English, texts are organized from left to write, in Japanese from top to bottom, etc. |
lineárne usporiadanie textu |
|
|
stylistics |
Situation or context in which communication takes place. |
home, workplace, movie, restaurant, etc. |
komunikačná situácia, kontext |
|
|
phonetics phonology |
Sibilant is a subclass of auditorily similar fricative produced through a narrow opening between the front of the tongue and the front palate. |
True sibilants are [s] and [z] sounds. |
sibilant/sykavka |
|
|
morphology |
contrasts with progressive, perfect(ive), and perfect-progressive aspects; it is used to express a state with stative verbs, a habitual activity with dynamic verbs |
she eats, they ate |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; slovesná forma vyjadrujúca stav alebo rutinnú činnosť |
|
|
morphology |
the most common form of nouns, verbs, pronouns, demonstratives; it denotes only one in number; |
book, he helps, he/she/it, this/that |
jednotné číslo, singulár |
|
|
stylistics |
Features of the non-linguistic world in relation to which linguistic units are used. |
Setting/place (home, school, play field, theater, etc.) |
situačný kontext |
|
|
sociolinguistcs stylistics |
An informal nonstandard variety of speech characterized by newly coined and rapidly changing words and phrases. |
In slang, “spaced out” means “intoxicated by a drug”. |
||
|
sociolinguistcs stylistics |
Describes the distance between different groups in society. |
An unwillingness to live next door to a family of a different race would indicate a high degree of social distance. On the other hand, willingness to marry a person of a different race would indicate a very low degree of social distance. |
||
|
phonetics phonology |
Sonant is a voiced speech sound functioning as the nucleus of a syllable. |
Note peak. |
||
|
phonetics phonology |
Sonorant is a sound which is voiced and does not cause enough obstruction to the airflow to prevent normal voicing from continuing. |
Sounds are also classified according to the scale of sonority. The most sonorous are vowels, approximants, nasals, and the least sonorous are fricatives, affricates and, plosives/stops/occlusives. Sonority lays the basis for the prominence theory which characterizes a syllable from a phonetic point of view. |
||
|
phonetics phonology |
Sonority can be defined as voicing. |
Note sonorant. |
||
|
stylistics |
The process or result of becoming cultured, knowledgeable; the quality of refinement — displaying good taste, wisdom and subtlety rather than crudeness, stupidity and vulgarity |
Sophisticated vocabulary that can be used in everyday speech is commonly understood but uncommonly used, e.g. instead of saying “It had to happen” you may use a sophisticated version and say “The outcome was inevitable”. |
kultivovanosť |
|
|
stylistics |
Matching of identical or similar sound(s) between two or more words (content words) which are not far from each other. |
rhyme, alliteration, assonance, consonance, etc. |
pravidelnosť zvukového usporiadania |
|
|
phonetics phonology |
Spectrogram is a visual demonstration of a sound spectrum. |
A visual demonstration of a glottal spectrum, in which the pronunciation features of sounds are clearly visible. |
||
|
stylistics |
A communicative exchange made meaningful by culturally specific structures of participants, genres, codes and other elements. |
asking the time, telling the way, introducing oneself, etc. |
rečový akt |
|
|
morphology, syntax |
the use of an adverb or other item between ‘to’ and the infinitive form of the verb. Some people consider such usage stylistically improper. |
He decided to completely ignore her. She used to secretly admire him. |
v slovenčine tento koncept neexistuje |
|
|
sociolinguistics |
A standard language is a variety of language that is used by governments, in the media, in schools and for international communication. |
Standard variety would omit such forms forms as multiple negation, e.g. ‘Cause there ain’t no one to give you no pain”. |
||
|
morphology |
expresses a quality which is viewed as permanent |
It is red. |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; forma adjektíva vyjadrujúca stav |
|
|
morphology |
describes a state or situation, in which no obvious action takes place; a stative verb cannot normally be used with the progressive aspect. |
You look tired. I hate that. |
statické sloveso (v staršej terminológii, stavové) |
|
|
morphology |
many verbs that are usually stative can be used dynamically, i.e. express an activity, however, the meaning is different from that of the stative verb. The progressive aspect assigns different lexical meaning to the verb; what in a different language (e.g. Slovak) is expressed through two lexemes, in English can be expressed through simple and progressive aspects of some stative verbs. |
I can see you. I’m seeing my friends tonight. - vision is implied when ‘see’ is used as a stative verb (simple aspect) - appointment is implied when ‘see’ is used as a dynamic verb (progressive aspect) |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; tradičné stavové sloveso vyjadruje dynamický význam |
|
|
phonetics phonology |
Stress refers to the prominence of sounds, syllables, words, phrases, and sentences; English recognizes lexical and sentence stress. |
Lexical stress: note accent; sentence stress: note content word and function word. |
||
|
morphology |
an adjective with the highest degree on a scale of degree of intensity; It cannot be graded and cannot be modified by an intensifier (very). It can be modified only by an extreme modifier (totally, completely, absolutely). |
enormous, gigantic |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; adjektívum vyjadrujúce veľkú mieru istej vlastnosti |
|
|
stylistics |
A self-conscious choice, logical arrangement and employment of language means based on considering the situation, function, author´s intention and content of the message; situationally distinctive language, a variety of language – including the variations of regional, social and historical dialects. |
An example of language style is bureaucratise, the words, jargon and abbreviations which are used by the government. "Civil Service language: 'Sometimes one is forced to consider the possibility that affairs are being conducted in a manner which, all things being considered and making all possible allowances is, not to put too fine a point on it, perhaps not entirely straightforward.' Translation: 'You are lying.'" |
||
|
stylistics |
Any feature of language providing a piece of language with stylistic significance |
Words such as “kiddo”, “hubbie” are markers/stylemes of colloquial style. |
štylistický príznak |
|
|
stylistics |
If certain linguistic features have stylistic significance, they fulfill a certain objective in a given context. |
e.g. if you realize that a certain text contains a lot of sound patterning, it certainly has been applied on purpose and thus manifests stylistic significance. |
štylistický význam |
|
|
linguistics |
A branch of linguistics which studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language. |
When you analyse a text with regard to its morphosytactic structures, lexis and you find out that it contains complex structures and predominantly Latinate vocabulary and terminology and make a conslusion regarding the style of the text, you are applying the principles of stylistics to text analysis. |
štylistika |
|
|
syntax |
an obligatory clause element that expresses a doer (active voice) or receiver (passive voice) of an action. |
Nobody knows that. Whoever may have found her body must have been really shocked. |
podmet, subjekt |
|
|
stylistics |
Matter under consideration in a written work or speech; a theme. |
the most common subject matter of small talk is weather. |
téma |
|
|
morphology |
is the form of mood which expresses wished for or desired states; we speak of 1) formulaic subjunctive and 2) mandative subjunctive present and past; mandative present is a base form of the verb for all persons (no subject-verb concord), it is part of ‘that-clause’ used after verbs such as ‘insist, demand, recommend, require’; mandative past is ‘were’ for all persons in the second conditional, concessive clause, and unreal present wish. |
1) Long live the King. Be that as it may. 2) I insist that she dothe preliminary proposal. I wish she were here. |
konjunktív |
|
|
syntax |
a grammatical construction that cannot stand alone; syntactically, it is not a complete sentence, it needs to be attached to another (main) clause |
The girl who is sitting by the window is my cousin. I could not come as I was not feeling well. |
||
|
word-formation, morphology |
an affix that is attached to the end of a root or stem to which it is bound; suffixes can be derivational and inflectional |
teach-er (derivational suffix), play-s (inflectional suffix) |
||
|
morphology |
the term in the grade system indicating ‘most’; marked either inflectionally (newest) or by the adverb ‘most’ (most interesting) – the form of a gradable adjective or gradable adverb which is used to specify the most or the least of qualities, properties, states, conditions, relations, etc. among entities. It is realized by the inflection ‘-est’, or use of ‘(the) most’. |
the best, the biggest, the most comprehensible |
||
|
phonetics phonology |
Suprasegment is a distinctive unit related to linguistic utterance. |
Typical suprasegments are: juncture, stress, pitch, accent, prosody, intonation, syllable breaks |
||
|
phonetics phonology |
Syllabic consinant is a consonant with high sonority functioning as a peak of a syllable. |
Consonants l, r, n, ŋ, and m, when preceded by a vowel can become in rapid speech syllabic because the preceding vowel is lost due to reduction. For example, if you pronounce open [əʊ.pən] carefully, you pronounce [ə] before the final [n]. However, in a rapid speech [ə] is merged with the following [n] sound and because open is a two-syllable word and there would be no vocalic peak in the second syllable, [n] becomes a syllabic consonant and the word is pronounced as [əʊ.pnˌ]. |
slabikotvorné (slabičné) spoluhlásky |
|
|
phonetics phonology |
Syllable is a basic phonetic-phonological unit of the word with the language-specific structure and the sonorant as its peak; there are several theories on the syllable production; in transcription, syllables are marked with [.]. |
In English, any word can be rhythmically (note rhythm) divided into syllables. English syllable follows specific rules claiming, that the maximal onset of the syllable should consist of no more than three consonants and maximal coda of the syllable should consist of no more than five consonants. In the word university - [ˌjuː.nɪˈvɜː.sə.ti], university - ˌjuː, nɪ, vɜː, sə, and ti are syllables. |
||
|
stylistics, pragmatics |
The maxim stating: ‘minimize antipathy between self and other; maximize sympathy between the self and other.’ This includes some speech acts such as congratulation, commiseration, and expressing condolences. |
(said to person whose father has passed away): “I am sorry to hear about your father.” |
zásada súcitu |
|
|
lexicology |
a word that has the same or similar meaning as another word in a particular context; it may be absolute, partial, ideographic, stylistic etc. |
wish – desire, happiness – felicity, reject – decline |
||
|
phraseology |
idioms with the same/very close meaning |
in a word, in a nutshell |
frazeologické synonymá |
|
|
lexicology, stylistics |
a meaning relation of sameness or similarity between words where they have the same conceptual meaning but differ in terms of connotations or stylistic features and are interchangeable only in certain contexts |
change – alter, give – donate, look for – seek |
||
|
stylistics |
The repetition of the same syntactic form and phrase/clause structure in two or more neighboring clauses/sentences. The similarity in syntactic form is a device of emphasis and connection. |
Thinking less, feeling more. Doing less, being more. Fearing less, loving more. |
syntaktický paralelizmus |
|
|
syntax, semiotics |
a linguistic unit consisting of signs that follow one another in such a manner that they communicate a meaning (letters in a word, words in a phrase/sentence). |
t-a-b-l-e/*b-e-l-t-a; the handsome man/*the man handsome; to be honest/*to honest be |
syntagma, sklad |
|
|
--- |
the study of the rules that govern the arrangement of words in phrases, clauses and sentences, the study of the structure of sentences. |
In syntax, the sentence The girl sitting next to me has been studying French for most of her life. could be analyzed from several viewpoints: (1) It is a simple sentence (as opposed to compound, complex or compound-complex); (2) It is a declarative sentence (as opposed to interrogative, imperative and exclamative); (3) It has the following structure - SVA; (4) The subject is expressed by a noun phrase and the predicate consists of a verb phrase and a prepositional phrase. |
syntax, skladba |
|
|
stylistics |
Consistent variation in certain areas. |
Morpheme ‘s is deleted whenever it is redundantly specified by word order, i.e. South American English “This is John’s house” becomes “This John house“ in Black English Vernacular. |
systémový variant |