| Term | The linguistics field it belongs to | The conceptualization in the language of origin | Example | Translation accounting for the content equivalence |
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sociolinguistics stylistics |
Any system of linguistic means whose use is governed by situational variables. |
Estuary English is a variety of English. |
varieta |
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syntax |
Syntax: In a clause, the verb is an obligatory and the most central element. It denotes actions, events, processes and states. In a clause it functions as part of the predicate and can be expressed by a single word (main verb) or a verb phrase (consisting of the main verb and one or more auxiliary verbs). |
He works at a station. She has been studying English all her life. |
sloveso (verbum) |
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syntax |
a phrase with a lexical verb as its head; it can be simple (consisting of a full verb) or complex (consisting of a main verb+auxiliaries) |
drives, can drive, has been living |
prísudok (predikát) |
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morphology |
a group of verbs (at least two) in which: 1/ the last verb is main, all the preceding once are auxiliary, 2/ the first verb (if full) is finite, all the others are non-finite |
1/ is cleaning, has been cleaning, was done, will have been finished; 2/ is cleaning, has been cleaning |
zložený slovesný tvar |
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morphology |
a word class of lexemes that denote actions, events, processes and states. In English are three main grammatical classes of verb: a) full (lexical), b) primary (semi-auxiliary), and c) modal. |
a) speak, dance, ask, bring b) be, do have c) can, need, have to, would rather |
sloveso, verbum |
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stylistics |
The repeating of a synonym, a near synonym or a superordinate term of a word, within a sentence or a poetical line, with no particular placement of the words, in order to secure emphasis. |
In the following exchange, the word “boy” is reiterated as “child”. A: “There´s a boy climbing the tree.“ B: “The child´s going to fall.“ |
iterácia |
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stylistics |
The simple repeating of a word, within a sentence or a poetical line, with no particular placement of the words, in order to secure emphasis. |
“Absolute power corrupts absolutely” is the best known quotation of the 19th century British politician Lord Acton. |
opakovanie slov |
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stylistics |
a situation, when too many words are unnecesarily used even though an idea could be expressed by smaller number of words |
“At this point in time” is a circumlocution for “now,” and is often used by verbose speakers. |
slovíčkárenie, mnohovravnosť, verbalizmus |
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sociolinguistics stylistics |
Vernacular is the language of a particular group, profession, region, or country, especially as spoken rather than formally written. |
Some regional examples of vernacular: • Southern Vernacular: a larkin (to prank), all y’all (everyone), buggy (shopping cart), lagniappe (something extra) • New England Vernacular: bubbler (drinking fountain), packie (liquor store), wicked (really, as in wicked cool), ilker (to put something off until the last minute) • Chicago Vernacular: char-dog (hot dog), front room (living room), pop (soda), the Cubbies (Chicago Cubs) |
hovorový jazyk |
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morphology |
the grammatical category contrasting active and passive verb forms; it gives information about the roles of different participants (agent/doer of the action or recipient) in an event. Voice can be a) active and b) passive. |
a) She claned the room. b) The room was cleaned. |
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phonetics phonology |
Voicing is the vibration of the vocal folds (also known as phonation). |
When vocal folds vibrate, speakers produce voiced/lenis sounds. |
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phonetics/phonology |
Vowels are sounds making the least obstruction to the flow of air, and they are the centre of a syllable. |
For example, monophthongs ɑ, æ, ɪ, etc. |