| Term | The linguistics field it belongs to | The conceptualization in the language of origin | Example | Translation accounting for the content equivalence |
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syntax |
a central element of a phrase (noun phrase, verb phrase, etc.). The accompanying constituents in the phrase have a grammatical relationship with the head. |
the most beautiful dress (head of a noun phrase); have been studying (head of a verb phrase) |
centrálny element frázy (syntagmy) |
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head word → lemma |
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stylistics, pragmatics |
A mitigating word, sound or construction used to lessen the impact of an utterance due to constraints on the interaction between the speaker and addressee |
He said there might not be any need for the new management. |
relativizácia výpovede; (rezervovanosť) |
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phonetics phonology |
Hiatus refers to two vowels following one another, while each of them is a part of a different syllable. |
In word hiatus, [ɪ] and [e] are parts of two consequent syllables [haɪˈeɪ.təs]. |
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lexicology |
a word with the same spelling but different pronunciation and meaning |
wind /wɪnd/ (force of air) – wind /waɪnd/ (to turn, e.g. with a handle), lead /lɪ:d/ (to guide) – lead /led/ (chemical element) |
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lexicology |
a word which has the same form but a different, unrelated meaning |
bank (of the river) – bank (financial institution), scale (covering of fish or snake) – scale (an instrument used to measure weight), love (emotion) – love (zero) |
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phraseology |
idioms identical in form but different in meaning |
make hay “to cause chaos” (obrátiť hore nohami), make hay “to take advantage of some situation” (kuť železo za horúca) |
frazeologické homonymá |
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lexicology |
a semantic relation between words whose phonological or graphemic form (signifiant) is identical and the meaning (signifié) is different and unrelated |
peace – piece, lead (verb) – lead (noun), a saw – I saw |
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lexicology |
a word with the same pronunciation but different spelling |
meat /mɪ:t/ – meet /mɪ:t/, son /sɅn/ – sun /sɅn/, two /tu:/ – too /tu:/ |
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phonetics phonology |
Homophony is a relation between two lexemes with different graphemic structures but pronounced as the same sound (words are called homophones). Some scholars, however, claim that even the lexemes with identical graphemic structure and pronounced in the same way are homophones. |
saw - sore --> sɔː - sɔː (in RP) bear - bear --> beər - beər |
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phonetics phonology |
These consonants are speech sounds which have the same place of articulation but differ in the manner of articulation. |
For example bilabial p, b or alveolar t, d, etc. |
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stylistics |
A figure of speech that uses deliberate exaggeration to achieve an effect. |
I have been waiting for you for eternity. |
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lexicology, stylistics |
A word that denotes a general category of objects, a superordinate term. |
Musical instrument is a hypernym of piano and violin. |
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hyperonym → hypernym |
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hyperonymy → hyponymy |
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stylistics/lexicology |
Diminutive forms of names of people, pets, etc. |
Lizzie, Betsie, Barbie |
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lexicology |
a word of a more specific meaning which can be included within a general word (archilexeme), a subordinate lexeme |
daffodil, rose and carnation are hyponyms/co-hyponyms of flower |
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lexicology |
a hierarchical meaning relationship which holds between specific and general lexical items so that the former is included under the latter (i.e. is a hyponym of the latter); there is a superordinate lexeme (also called a hypernym/hyperonym or archilexeme) with reference to which the subordinate lexeme (hyponym) can be defined; the subordinate lexemes which are on the same level of hierarchy are co-hyponyms |
daffodil is a hyponym of flower, chair of furniture, violin of instrument |