| Term | The linguistics field it belongs to | The conceptualization in the language of origin | Example | Translation accounting for the content equivalence |
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phonetics phonology |
Realisation is the physical expression of an abstract linguistic unit; because phonemes are abstract units, they are not physically real, but when we speak and transform them into phones, they became a physical demonstrations/realisations of abstract generalisations. |
For example, [l] is sometimes realised (produced) as clear l and sometimes as dark ɫ. |
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morphology |
a reciprocal pronoun refers to a mutual relationship between people or things; “each other” typically implies number 2, “one another” typically implies 2 and more |
They love each other. |
zvratné zámeno s recipročnou sémantikou |
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phonetics phonology |
Reduction refers to the loss of a vowel, consonant or a syllable in a rapid, colloquial speech; or the process of weakening the quality and quantity of vowels when in unstressed syllable (note stress); in English usually the full vowels are reduced into schwa [ə] or unstressed [ɪ] in unstressed syllables. |
In the stressed syllable (note stress), letter o can be pronounced as a diphthong [əʊ], however, in word photograph, the o letter in the second syllable is in the unstressed syllable, therefore, its pronunciation is reduced to [ə]. Photograph --> [ˈfəʊ.tə.ɡrɑːf] |
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information theory/stylistics |
The inclusion of extra bits of information which are not strictly necessary to functioning; the needless repetition of words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs or ideas. Redundancy in the sense of information theory is a measure of how efficiently the symbols are used in the language. |
Major breakthrough – a breakthrough is already major and significant. There is no reason to say that it is major. |
redundancia |
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stylistics |
The action of mentioning or refering to something. |
There are a number of distinct phases of childhood development. Broadly speaking, these are linked to the motor, emotional and linguistic development of the child. In this sentence, “these” is a reference word pointing back to “phases” in the preceding sentence. |
odkazujúci výraz |
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reference → concept |
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lexicology |
the entity (thing, person, event, state of affairs etc.) in the external world to which a linguistic expression refers |
the word (or symbol, sign) pen refers to a writing instrument used to apply ink to a surface, the word Peter refers to a person called Peter |
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morphology |
pronouns ending in -self (or, in the plural, -selves). |
She considers herself gifted. When the twins were 3 they could dress themselves. |
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sociolinguistics |
A variety of language typically used in a specific type of communicative setting. |
register of academic English, an informal register; the register of scientific discourse. |
register |
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morphology |
verbs with inflectional forms all predictable by general rule; the verb form which simply adds past tense inflection -ed to the base form without any change; these verbs may have had various inflections in Old English, but during the development of English, they have been lost or simplified to -ed |
helped, started, continued, stopped |
v slovenčine sa neprejavuje koncept (ne)pravidelnosti na základe tvorenia minulých tvarov slovesa |
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restricted collocation → semi-idiom |
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reverse rhyme |
stylistics |
It rhymes backwards |
Kiss the pain goodbye |
obrátený rým |
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stylistics |
A technique that an author or speaker uses to convey to the listener or reader a meaning with the goal of persuading him or her towards considering a topic from a different perspective, using sentences designed to encourage or provoke an emotional display of a given perspective or action. Rhetorical devices can be used to evoke an emotional response in the audience, but that is not their primary purpose. |
Repeating a word or expression for emphasis - Love, real love, takes time. |
rétorické prostriedky |
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phonetics phonology |
Some varieties of English employ the pronunciation in which the [r] phoneme is found in all phonological contexts. |
In RP English, the word car is pronounced as [kɑː], while in rhotic varieties, such as American English, the same word is pronounced as [kɑːr]. |
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phonetics phonology |
Rhyme is related to the coda of the syllable. If the sounds at the end of two words are the same or similar in their realisation, they rhyme. |
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting, |
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stylistics |
Correspondence of sound between words or the endings of words, especially when these are used at the ends of lines of poetry. |
Little Miss Muffet A |
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phonetics phonology |
Rhythm is perceived regularity of prominent units in speech. |
For rhythm in English, the regular distribution of stressed units is very important. In order to achieve it, the stressed sequences are combined with unstressed sequences not only in words but also in sentences (sentence stress). English has stressed-timed rhythm, meaning that while unstressed syllables are reduced, the stressed stand out and are pronounced as the longest. Therefore, if you pronounce Cats eat mouse and The cats eat the mouse’ both utterances should be approximately of the same length, because even though there are two new words (the) added, they are unstressed. |
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sociolinguistics |
The aspects of a relationship consisting of the reciprocal role expectations of each person towards the other. |
These concepts express the degree of social distance/intimacy. |
vzťah medzi rolami hovoriaceho a poslucháča; sociálna vzdialenosť |