| Term | The linguistics field it belongs to | The conceptualization in the language of origin | Example | Translation accounting for the content equivalence |
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phonetics, phonology |
Palatalization is any articulation involving a movement of the tongue towards the hard palate; in certain phonological environments, the place of articulation is shifted near or to the centre of the hard palate. |
In this example, sound ‘s’ at the end of the word ‘year’ is influenced by the palatal approximant ‘j’. The place of articulation of ‘j’ influences the place of articulation of alveolar ‘s’ and moves it to nearer to hard palate. The palatalized version sounds more like ‘ʃ’. |
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stylistics |
Partial rhyme between words with the same pattern of consonants but different vowels. |
sing - song, light - late. |
konsonancia |
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phraseology, paremiology |
the study of provebs and sayings |
deals with the usage and origin of proverbs and sayings, and is applied in folklore studies, education of children , literature studies and cognitive science |
paremiológia |
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a word derived from the same root as another word similar in sound that gives the misleading impression that they have the same or at least similar meanings but in fact are very different and only mistakenly interchangeable |
ingenious – ingenuous, conception – inception, |
paronymum |
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part of speech → word class |
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lexicology |
a homonym that belongs to a different part of speech |
to know – no, a bear – to bear, |
čiastočné homonymum |
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partial synonym → loose synonym |
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morphology |
the non-finite verb form ending in –ing (present participle) and –ed (past participle); in irregular verbs, the –ed participles display various forms; the basic function of the present participle is to form progressive aspect (to express so, it is combined with the verb ‘be’); the basic functions of the past participle is to form perfect aspect (to express so, it is combined with the verb ‘have’) and to form passive voice (to express so, it is combined with the verb ‘be’) |
watching, cleaning; watched, cleaned I am watching TV. |
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morphology, syntax |
a term with several meanings: 1) ‘not’, used for negating verbs, 2) ‘to’, in ‘to-infinitive’, 3) adverb or preposition, in multi-word verbs. Multi-word verbs consist of a full verb and a particle – in phrasal verbs, it is an adverb, in prepositional verbs, it is linked with a preposition, in phrasal-prepositional verbs, both adverb and preposition are present. |
1) may not, does not, has not got 2) to be, to have, to do 3) finish up, look for, book in at |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; |
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morphology |
a quantifying expression used before an uncountable noun to specify units, parts or collections of things; it is a noun that changes an uncountable noun to countable, it is typically used in this structure: numeral + partitive + of + uncountable/mass noun |
two sheets of paper, a loaf of bread, a speck of dust, a patch of fog, |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; |
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syntax |
a clause in which the object of the active clause becomes the subject (as the focus is on the action rather than the “doer”) and the main verb takes the past participle form, while appropriate auxiliaries are used (various forms of to be and to have depending on the tense and aspect); only transitive verbs can be used to form passive clauses; the agent may or may not be expressed |
Active: Someone is making soup. Passive: Soup is being made. Active: Mum has made soup. Passive: Soup has been made by mum. |
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morphology |
typically, a construction with auxiliary ‘be’ followed by ‘past participle’ and optionally by ‘by-phrase’ |
The floor is usually mopped (by one of the tenants) once a week. |
väzba s trpným slovesom (participiálny transformát) |
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morphology |
verb form used to form perfect aspect and passive voice forms. |
taken, brought, been |
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morphology |
a member of the grammatical category of tense primarily indicating past time; it is marked by inflection –ed in regular verbs, and a variety of forms in irregular verbs. |
He did it by himself. He wanted to prove he could do it. |
minulý čas (gramatický) (préteritum) |
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phonetics, phonology |
A pause is a brief interruption of the articulatory process between two or more linguistic units; from the perspective of phonetics there are two types of the pause, one that is silent and one that contains hesitation noise; pauses also fulfil the purpose of expressing multiple dimensions of meaning; in transcription, a pause is labelled as its duration in seconds in brackets. Pauses can be physiological or logical. |
In case you want to know more about pauses, (0.2) read a book on phonetics and phonology. |
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phonetics, phonology |
The peak is the centre of a syllable (note nucleus in phonology). |
In word university [ˌjuː.nɪˈvɜː.sə.ti], [uː, ɪ, ɜː, ə, i] are the peaks of syllables. |
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lexicology, historical linguistics |
a type of semantic change referring to the development of a negative connotation in a lexical item |
notorious, which once meant ‘widely known’ now means ‘widely and unfavourably known’; harlot meant ‘maidservant’ in Chaucer’s times and now means ‘a promiscuous woman, a prostitute’ |
v slovenskej lingvistike tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; nadobudnutie negatívnej konotácie slova |
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morphology |
one member of the grammatical category of aspect formed by means of the auxiliary ‘have’ followed by a past participle; it is used to indicate present consequences (negative or positive) of a past action while not fucusing on when the activity happened, rather on the present state of the affairs |
He has lost his keys. He has been to the USA. |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; ma blizko k dokonavému vidu |
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pragmalinguistics stylistics |
An expression that serves to affect a transaction or that constitutes the performance through uttering something. |
I attach a document. |
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syntax/stylistics |
In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued.Because of adding a pool, spa and restaurant, the hotel is experiencing an increase in guests. |
súvetie s vedľajšou vetou v antepozícii |
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pragmalinguistics stylistics |
Perlocutionary act brings about consequences to the audiences, reaction from the hearer. |
A: I will not be your friend. B: F*** |
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morphology |
the grammatical system classifying primarily a subset of pronouns in terms of the roles of speaker and addressee. 1) 1st person normally indicates reference to (a group including) the speaker; 2nd person normally indicates reference to (a group including) the listener but not the speaker; 3rd person refers neither to speaker nor to listener. |
1) I, we 2) you 3) he/she/it/they |
osoba (gramatická kategória) |
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morphology |
gender classes contrasting personal ‘he’/’she’/’who’ (for persons and sometimes certain animals) vs. non-personal ‘it’/’which’; personal reference pronouns are used to indicate affectionate relationship to the person or animal |
The baby is crying; I think she is hungry. Look at the dog, he wants to play. |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; |
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morphology |
the subclass of pronoun to which the system of person applies. |
‘I’ and ‘we’ are 1st person; ‘you’ is 2nd person; ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, and ‘they’ are 3rd person |
osobné zámeno (personálne pronominá) |
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stylistics |
Speech used for social or emotive purposes rather than for communicating information |
small talk (weather talk); |
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stylistics semantics phonetics |
A sound that is associated with a certain meaning. |
/i:/ may occur in words referring to smallness: teeny, weeny; /u:/ is found in words referring to big objects, e.g. moon. |
fonestéma |
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phonetics, phonology |
Phonation refers to the vibration of the vocal folds (voicing). |
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phonetics, phonology |
A phone is the smallest perceptible discrete segment in phonic continuum (used in phonetics); phones, as opposed to phonemes, express a complexity of the vocal tract shaping during pronunciation; not only do they represent a perceived sound, they acknowledge for such phonetic modifications within the sound which are audible, yet not significant for meaning. |
For example, the word ‘can’t’ can be produced with ‘n’ sound [kɑ:nt] (phonemic units) or ɑ: can be nasalised into [kɑ̃:t] (phonetic units) in which the symbol ̃ expresses the change in the pronunciation features from oral ɑ: to nasalized ɑ̃:. |
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phonetics, phonology |
Phoneme is a minimal sequential contrastive unit in phonology; the stream of speech can be broken into a string of the smallest sound units, phonemes; each language has a set of phonemes it operates with; opposed to phones, phonemes are mental generalizations of phones, meaning they do not acknowledge for all the vocal tract modulations, they serve as the units of contrast for meaning. |
In the words pin [pɪn] and pan [pæn], [ɪ] and [æ] are two different phonemes. |
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phonetics, phonology |
Up to 1940’s it primarily studied and listed phonemes and all their allophonic variations; current phonemics deals with studying and listing sounds in previously unwritten languages. |
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fonemika (fonematika) |
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phonetics, phonology |
Phonetics is the science studying the characteristics of human sound making, especially sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their description, classification, and transcription. |
Phonetics studies, for example, the way the sounds are produced by the movement of articulators and categorizes and lists them as physical units. |
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phonetics, phonology |
Phonology is a branch of linguistics studying the sound systems of languages. |
Phonology studies the abstract generalizations of physical realisation of sounds (studied by phonetics). We recognize sounds and their combinations based on certain mental patterns. |
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phonetics, phonology |
Phonotacctics is the study of sequential arrangements of phonological units occurring in a language; the focus of phonotactics is syllable. |
For example, it has been found that some combinations of sounds are related to certain shapes (bump, limp, hump, rump), type of action (muddle, cuddle, fiddle), etc. Moreover, phonotacticiants showed that some consonant clusters are unacceptable at the beginning of English syllable (pw, bw, tl, dl), while some similar variations are commonly occurring (pl, bl, tw, dw). |
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morphology, idiomatology |
a verb consisting of a lexical verb and a particle (adverb); it is followed by a noun that can be moved between verb and adverb |
to see somebody off |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; používa sa doslovný preklad frázové sloveso |
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morphology, idiomatology |
a verb consisting of a lexical verb and two particles – adverb and preposition; it is followed by a noun; a noun cannot be moved to a different position. |
to book in at the hotel |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; aj pre tento typ sa používa doslovný preklad frázové sloveso |
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syntax |
one of the syntactic structures combined to create a sentence, a group of words forming a conceptual unit, typically a component of a clause; a word or group of words which form clause units such as noun phrases, verb phrases, or adjective phrases. |
a small house’ (noun phrase), |
slovenčina nemá adekvátny termín, keďže chýba tento koncept, najbližší význam má “syntagma/sklad” |
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phraseology |
an institutionalized multi-word expression with semantic integrity, certain imagery, and certain lexico-grammatical fixedness |
hair of the dog that bit you, red herring, build castles in Spain |
frazéma |
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phraseological collocation → |
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phraseological |
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phraseological |
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phraseologism → |
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phraseology |
a branch of linguistics which studies different types of set expressions, which like words name various objects and phenomena |
deals with the formation and usage of multi-word expressions whose meaning is not fully deducible from the meaning of its components |
frazeológia |
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sociolinguistics stylistics |
An auxiliary language that has come into existence through the attempts by the speakers of two different languages to communicate and that is primarily a simplified form of one of the languages, with a reduced vocabulary and grammatical structure and considerable variation in pronunciation. |
Nigerian Pidgin English, Chinese Pidgin English, Hawaiian Pidgin English are examples of pidgin languages. |
pidžin |
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phonetics, phonology |
Pitch is the attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which a sound may be ordered on a scale from low to high . |
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phonetics, phonology |
Is a place at which an obstruction to the air flow in the vocal tract is created in order to produce consonants. |
It is a place at which two articulators come into contact or approach each other. [b] is a bilabial sound for during its pronunciation an upper and lower lip are pressed together. [w] is approximant because upper and lower lip are approaching each other but not coming into contact, etc. |
miesto (atikulácie) |
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morphology |
one member of a grammatical category of number that refers to more than one |
books, they help, pronouns, they, those |
množné číslo, plurál |
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pragmalinguistics stylistics |
The act of showing good manners toward others, as in behavior, speech, etc.; courteous; civil. |
When you accidentally touch someone and say “Sorry” or “Excuse me.” |
zdvorilosť |
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pragmalinguistics stylistics |
A speech act that expresses concern for others and minimizes threats to pragmalinguistic concept of face in particular social contexts. |
Expressing disagreement in an idirect way: “Yes, I can see your point, however we may consider another option.” |
zdvorilostná stratégia |
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lexicology |
the situation where the same word has two or more different meanings which are at least partially semantically related |
the lexeme HEAD is polysemous and has several meanings: the part of the body, mind and thoughts, front part of something, person in charge etc. |
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phonetics, phonology |
A polysyllabic word is a word consisting of more than one syllable; in transcription, syllables are marked by a dot-[.] at the end of the syllable, unless there is a stress mark [‘] (see example). |
Word [pɪn] has one syllable, therefore, it is a monosyllabic word. Word tomorrow [təˈmɒr.əʊ] has three syllables tə, mɒr, and əʊ, therefore, it is considered a polysyllabic word. |
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portmanteau |
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syntax |
the location of a grammatical element in a clause. The three possible positions are front (a), mid (b) and end (c). Some adverbials can take more than one position. |
a) Usually, we have lunch around 1 pm. (front ); b) We usually have lunch at 1 pm. (mid); c) We have lunch at 1 pm, usually. (end) |
pozícia príslovky |
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pragmalinguistics stylistics |
In accordance with Brown and Levinson´s politeness theory (1987) it is the desire to be liked, appreciated, approved, etc. It is defined as the individual desire of a person that his/ her personality is appreciated by others. Furthermore, this includes the way a person wants to be perceived by his/ her social group. |
One example for positive face is the appreciation of individual achievements. According to this definition, a painter would, for instance, desire other people's appreciation of his/ her paintings. |
pozitívna „tvár“ |
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pragmalinguistics stylistics |
A communication strategy used in order to avoid giving offense by highlighting friendliness. |
Juxtaposing criticism with compliments, establishing common ground, and using jokes, nicknames, honorifics, tag questions, special discourse markers (please), and in-group jargon and slang |
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morphology |
Determiners: my, your, his, her, its, our, their - i.e. forms always followed by a noun, nevers standing by themselves. |
My book is on the table. I can see your brother. |
privlastňovacie zámeno (posesívne pronomen) |
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possessive case |
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morphology |
Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs - i.e. forms always standing by themselves, never followed by a noun. |
This book is mine. |
privlastňovacie zámeno (posesívne pronomen) |
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syntax |
an element in a noun phrase after the central determiner (ordinals, cardinals, and quantifiers). |
first, two, many/few, more/less |
koncept v slovenčine neexistuje, táto syntaktická pozícia môže byť vyjadrená číslovkou, neurčitým zámenom, atď. |
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syntax |
an optional element in a noun phrase placed after the head, usually expressed by a prepositional phrase, appositive, a non-finite -ing clause, or a finite relative clause. |
the girl in the corner, |
koncept v slovenčine neexistuje, táto syntaktická pozícia môže byť vyjadrená neurčitým slovesným tvarom, vedľajšou prívlastkovou vetou, atď. |
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syntax, stylistics |
The movement of an element towards the end of clause, emphasizing it as new, relatively consequential, of greater importance, and possibly climatic. |
It is obvious that you have been misled. It might be a good idea to wear a respirator mask when you’re working with fiberglass. |
koncová dôrazová pozícia vetného člena |
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pragmalinguistics stylistics |
Communication participants´knowledge and experience. Who the audience is and how they are feeling will have an impact on how the speaker’s messages will be received. |
If a speaker is making a presentation to the experts in the same field, the presentatoion will be different from the situation if they are making a presentation to general audience. |
pragmatický kontext |
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pragmalinguistics stylistics |
The conclusion (of an action) that can be drawn from something that is is not explicitly stated. |
The statement “The karate champion hit the cinder block” implies that the block was broken. This occurs because there is an interaction between the actual input and the persons’ knowledge of the world. |
pragmatická implikácia |
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syntax |
an element in a noun phrase before the central determiner |
all, both, half, double |
koncept v slovenčine neexistuje, táto syntaktická pozícia môže byť v angličtine vyjadrená súhrnovým kvantitatívnym výrazom |
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syntax |
a function fulfilled by a verb or a verb phrase; the sentence element which elaborates what the subject is, does or experiences. It is either simple (consisting of a main verb) or complex (consisting of either a main verb+auxiliaries, or a linking verb/copula+complement). |
He works in a library. He has been working there for over a year. He is a librarian. |
prísudok, predikát (jednoduchý, zložený) |
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syntax |
an adjective that is a part of a predicate; it follows a linking verb (copula) or a sense verb; the adjectives used in this position are a) health adjectives, b) adjectives expressing feelings, and c) adjectives beginning with a-. |
a) I feel ill. I feel well. b) I am glad that you like it. c) He is awake. The door was left ajar. |
predikatívne adjektívum; spĺňa syntaktickú funkciu ‘doplnok’ |
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word-formation |
an affix which comes before morpheme to which it is attached; English prefixes are usually derivational |
dis-connect; un-interested, |
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syntax |
an optional element in a noun phrase placed before the head, usually expressed by an adjective or adjectival phrase, participle or a noun. |
a nice room; a broken window; table manners |
koncept v slovenčine neexistuje, táto syntaktická pozícia môže byť v angličtine vyjadrená podstatným alebo prídavným menom |
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morphology |
a class of words denoting relationships in space or time; they are followed by nouns/pronouns/gerund |
by, at, in, on, in front of, due to, etc. |
predložka (prepozícia) |
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morphology |
a verb consisting of a lexical verb and a particle (preposition), followed by a noun; a noun cannot be moved between verb and preposition |
to ask for help, to look for a key |
verbum s predložkovou väzbou |
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morphology |
an inflectional category of verbs the primary use of which is to indicate present time. |
I am a student. |
prítomný čas (gramatický) (prézent) |
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morphology |
a closed class of verbs (1) that can function in a sentence as either main or an auxiliary (2), the members of this class can be mutually combined to form verb phrases (3) |
1) be, do, have 2) He is a doctor (main); He is reading (auxiliary). 3) I have been there. |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; |
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stylistics |
Placing the final clause of a multiple sentence towards the end as a result of which it carries the maximum emphasis. |
Because the man upstairs makes a lot of noise when he comes home at midnight, |
koncová dôrazová pozícia časti súvetia |
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morphology |
a member of the paradigm of the grammatical category of aspect; the combination of auxiliary ‘be’ and present participle; it usually represents a situation as being in progress. |
I am studying English. |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; ma blízko k nedokonavému vidu |
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phonetics, phonology |
Prominence is an acoustic property of a syllable; a syllable standing out and bearing stress. |
A prominent syllable in word accent [ˈaks(ə)nt] is [aks]. At the beginning of the syllable it is marked by a stress mark [‘]. |
výraznosť (prominencia) |
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morphology |
an item used to refer to entities; the main sub-classification includes personal pronouns (1), possessive (2), reflexive (3), interrogative and relative pronouns (4), reciprocal (5), demonstrative (6), and indefinite (7). |
1) he, you, 2) his, yours, 3) himself, yourselves, 4) who, what, which, 5) each other, one another, 6) this, these, that, those, 7) some, none |
zámeno (pronomen) |
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morphology |
a large subclass of noun; a name refers to a particular person, place, etc: |
John, Prague, Slovakia, Islam |
vlastné podstatné meno (proprium) |
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stylistics |
Anything stated, affirmed or denied. |
“All men are mortal” is a proposition stating a fact. |
propozícia, tvrdenie |
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phonetics, phonology |
Prosody is a term referring to variations in pitch (in a narrow sense), loudness, tempo and rhythm (in a broader sense). Prosody is a modulation of the intensity, melody and time of speech. |
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phraseology, paremiology |
traditional fixed expression expressing truth, wisdom and having explicit didactic meaning |
out of sight, out of mind; all that glitters is not gold; when the cat´s away the mice will play |
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pseudosynonym → paronym |
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stylistics |
The state of being public, or open to general observation or knowledge. |
Situations such as at the university, on public transport, in the cinema, etc. |
“verejný komunikačný priestor” |
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stylistics |
The humorous use of a word or phrase so as to emphasize or suggest its different meanings or applications, or the use of words that are alike or nearly alike in sound but different in meaning; a play on words. |
“The dreamers often lie” the pun is that dreamers lie in bed but also lie about dreams. |
slovná hračka |
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stylistics, syntax |
The practice or system of using certain conventional marks or characters in writing or printing in order to separate elements and make the meaning clear, as in ending a sentence or separating clauses. |
There are fourteen punctuation marks commonly used in English grammar. They are the period, question mark, exclamation point, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, hyphen, parentheses, brackets, braces, apostrophe, quotation marks, and ellipsis. |
interpunkcia |
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phraseology |
a unit whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its component parts |
red tape, a mare’s nest, |
frazeologický zrast |
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general linguistics stylistics |
To pass information from one person to another and to understand the information. The chief purposes for communication are to inform, imagine, influence, meet social expectations and express feelings. |
by stating “I´m off colour today”, you communicate your physical condition or your feelings. |
komunikačný zámer |