Online encyclopedic English-Slovak and Slovak-English

Linguistics Dictionary

Term
The linguistics
field it belongs to

The conceptualization
in the language of origin

Example
Translation accounting
for the content equivalence

geminate 

phonetics phonology

The pronunciation of two identical sounds next to each other.

unknown [ʌnˈnəʊn]

zdvojovanie

gender 

morphology

a grammatical category of nouns distinguishing several types of gender classes based on meaning (not form): 1/ animate (see 2/) vs. inanimate nouns (neuter), 2/ animate nouns are further classified into personal and non-personal, 3a/ personal nouns include masculine, feminine, dual, common, and collective nouns, 3b) non-personal nouns include common gender, collective gender, higher animals, lower animals. Most nouns are not inflected for gender; the inflections marking gender are -ess, -ine, ette, -groom, -er.

non-inflected: boy (M), girl (F), book (N), teacher (D), baby/dog (Com), audience (Col), lion (HA), ant (LA); inflected: lioness/actress, heroine, usherette, bridegroom, widower

rod podstatného mena (gramatická kategória podstatných mien)

generic reference 

morphology

we use articles (a/the/0) to express generic reference when we talk about a whole class of objects/people, rather than of a particular item. The noun is then understood as one representing a whole class of objects that are characterized by the same qualities/features; the most common choice for this meaning is the zero article + plural noun or uncountable noun; “the” + singular countable or uncountable noun is quite formal; “a/n” + singular countable is neutral, but it is not appropriate in all contexts (as it implies ‘any’)

Cats like fish. = all cats A cat likes fish. = all cats Salt makes any dish more tasteful. The horse is a beautiful animal.

tento koncept v slovenčine vyjadrujú termíny generický singulár a generický plurál

generosity maxim 

stylistics

The maxim stating the following: “Minimize the expression of beliefs that express or imply benefit to self”.

You must join us for dinner.

zásada veľkorysosti

genitive (case) (possessive case)

morphology

In English, it is the only inflectional case of the noun; its primary use is to mark a noun phrase (e.g. John) as determiner within the structure of a larger noun phrase. It is a case that denotes a possessive relationship with another noun. It can be marked by inflection, or more precisely, by the clitic ‘s or the ‘of-construction’.

John’s book is on the table. the roof of the house

Genitív

genre 

stylistics

An identifiable category of a composition, a type of speech event; any form or type of communication in any mode (spoken, writte, digital, artistic, etc.) with socially-agreed upon conventions which developed over time.

letter, advertisement, joke, newspaper reports, political speech

žáner

genre scheme 

stylistics

Distinctive and characteristic form of different types of texts – the form of a letter, a recipe, a legal document, etc.

Literary Genres: mainstream fiction: a) family saga, b) psychological fiction, c) autobiographical/biographical fiction, d) historical fiction.

žánrová schéma

gerund 

morphology, syntax

a word derived from a verb by adding the morpheme –ing and is used as a noun. It is also referred to as a ‘verbal noun’ or ‘–ing noun’. It can function as the subject, the object in the sentence, or it can be an object of a prepositional phrase. It can be preceded by a preposition, a possessive adjective or a definite article:

Singing is my favorite hobby. I like singing. I’m looking forward to his singing.

gerundium, slovesné podstatné meno (verbálne substantívum)

glide 

phonetics phonology

A glide is a sound the production of which is based on the movement from one quality to another (note diphthong).

ə --> ʊ - əʊ

glajd (glide)

glottis 

phonetics phonology

The opening between the vocal folds is called glottis.

glotis, glotída

gradable adjectives 

morphology

can be set on a scale of ‘more’ and ‘less’ in terms of their qualities, properties, etc.; they can take the comparative and superlative inflections (-er, -est), be preceded by ‘more’ or ‘most’; they can take degree modifiers (very, rather, extremely). They express opinion, age, size, temperature.

brave, young, small, hot

stupňovateľné adjektíva

gradable adverbs 

morphology

can be set on a scale of ‘more or ‘less’ in terms of their qualities, properties, states, conditions, relations, etc. Gradable adverbs can be premodified by degree adverbs (very, rather, extremely) and can take the comparative and superlative inflections (-er, -est) or be preceded by ‘more’ or ‘most’. They express manner.

fast, slowly, beautifully

vlastnostné príslovky

gradation 

morphology

the system of contrasts between plain, comparative, and superlative forms in adjectives and adverbs

small - smaller - the smallest comfortable - more c. - the most c. slowly - more slowly - the most slowly

stupňovanie (gradácia)

grammatical category 

morphology

an inventory of inflections, a set of inflections sharing a grammatical meaning; if a certain phenomenon is not marked by an inflection, it is not considered a grammatical category, e.g. in English we do not speak of future tense, because English has no inflections for it, rather we speak of lexical means of expressing future time.

zero morpheme/inflection, -s, -ed are markers of grammatical category of tense in verb

gramatická kategória

graphic signs 

stylistics

Signs of, relating to, or expressed by writing; letters, graphemes; the smallest unit of a writing system of any given language.

The following typeface may imply that the story that is going to be told happend a long time ago: Once upon a time...

grafémy

group genitive 

morphology

the “possessor” is a noun phrase and the possessive marker -’s is added after the last word of the phrase.

Peter and Paul’s parents = Peter and Paul are brothers

v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje;

Gunning Fog Index 

stylistics

This is a tool that tries to establish the readability or accessisibility of a text. It is a weighted average of the number of words per sentence, and the number of long words per word count. An interpretation is that the text can be understood by someone who left full-time education at a later age than the index (http://gunning-fog-index.com/).

For example, if a text has a Gunning Fog index of 12, it has the reading level of a U.S. high school senior.

index zahmlenia” textu