| Term | The linguistics field it belongs to | The conceptualization in the language of origin | Example | Translation accounting for the content equivalence |
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phonetics phonology |
The pronunciation of two identical sounds next to each other. |
unknown [ʌnˈnəʊn] |
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morphology |
a grammatical category of nouns distinguishing several types of gender classes based on meaning (not form): 1/ animate (see 2/) vs. inanimate nouns (neuter), 2/ animate nouns are further classified into personal and non-personal, 3a/ personal nouns include masculine, feminine, dual, common, and collective nouns, 3b) non-personal nouns include common gender, collective gender, higher animals, lower animals. Most nouns are not inflected for gender; the inflections marking gender are -ess, -ine, ette, -groom, -er. |
non-inflected: boy (M), girl (F), book (N), teacher (D), baby/dog (Com), audience (Col), lion (HA), ant (LA); inflected: lioness/actress, heroine, usherette, bridegroom, widower |
rod podstatného mena (gramatická kategória podstatných mien) |
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morphology |
we use articles (a/the/0) to express generic reference when we talk about a whole class of objects/people, rather than of a particular item. The noun is then understood as one representing a whole class of objects that are characterized by the same qualities/features; the most common choice for this meaning is the zero article + plural noun or uncountable noun; “the” + singular countable or uncountable noun is quite formal; “a/n” + singular countable is neutral, but it is not appropriate in all contexts (as it implies ‘any’) |
Cats like fish. = all cats A cat likes fish. = all cats Salt makes any dish more tasteful. The horse is a beautiful animal. |
tento koncept v slovenčine vyjadrujú termíny generický singulár a generický plurál |
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stylistics |
The maxim stating the following: “Minimize the expression of beliefs that express or imply benefit to self”. |
You must join us for dinner. |
zásada veľkorysosti |
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morphology |
In English, it is the only inflectional case of the noun; its primary use is to mark a noun phrase (e.g. John) as determiner within the structure of a larger noun phrase. It is a case that denotes a possessive relationship with another noun. It can be marked by inflection, or more precisely, by the clitic ‘s or the ‘of-construction’. |
John’s book is on the table. the roof of the house |
Genitív |
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stylistics |
An identifiable category of a composition, a type of speech event; any form or type of communication in any mode (spoken, writte, digital, artistic, etc.) with socially-agreed upon conventions which developed over time. |
letter, advertisement, joke, newspaper reports, political speech |
žáner |
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stylistics |
Distinctive and characteristic form of different types of texts – the form of a letter, a recipe, a legal document, etc. |
Literary Genres: mainstream fiction: a) family saga, b) psychological fiction, c) autobiographical/biographical fiction, d) historical fiction. |
žánrová schéma |
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morphology, syntax |
a word derived from a verb by adding the morpheme –ing and is used as a noun. It is also referred to as a ‘verbal noun’ or ‘–ing noun’. It can function as the subject, the object in the sentence, or it can be an object of a prepositional phrase. It can be preceded by a preposition, a possessive adjective or a definite article: |
Singing is my favorite hobby. I like singing. I’m looking forward to his singing. |
gerundium, slovesné podstatné meno (verbálne substantívum) |
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phonetics phonology |
A glide is a sound the production of which is based on the movement from one quality to another (note diphthong). |
ə --> ʊ - əʊ |
glajd (glide) |
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phonetics phonology |
The opening between the vocal folds is called glottis. |
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morphology |
can be set on a scale of ‘more’ and ‘less’ in terms of their qualities, properties, etc.; they can take the comparative and superlative inflections (-er, -est), be preceded by ‘more’ or ‘most’; they can take degree modifiers (very, rather, extremely). They express opinion, age, size, temperature. |
brave, young, small, hot |
stupňovateľné adjektíva |
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morphology |
can be set on a scale of ‘more’ or ‘less’ in terms of their qualities, properties, states, conditions, relations, etc. Gradable adverbs can be premodified by degree adverbs (very, rather, extremely) and can take the comparative and superlative inflections (-er, -est) or be preceded by ‘more’ or ‘most’. They express manner. |
fast, slowly, beautifully |
vlastnostné príslovky |
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morphology |
the system of contrasts between plain, comparative, and superlative forms in adjectives and adverbs |
small - smaller - the smallest comfortable - more c. - the most c. slowly - more slowly - the most slowly |
stupňovanie (gradácia) |
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morphology |
an inventory of inflections, a set of inflections sharing a grammatical meaning; if a certain phenomenon is not marked by an inflection, it is not considered a grammatical category, e.g. in English we do not speak of future tense, because English has no inflections for it, rather we speak of lexical means of expressing future time. |
zero morpheme/inflection, -s, -ed are markers of grammatical category of tense in verb |
gramatická kategória |
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stylistics |
Signs of, relating to, or expressed by writing; letters, graphemes; the smallest unit of a writing system of any given language. |
The following typeface may imply that the story that is going to be told happend a long time ago: Once upon a time... |
grafémy |
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morphology |
the “possessor” is a noun phrase and the possessive marker -’s is added after the last word of the phrase. |
Peter and Paul’s parents = Peter and Paul are brothers |
v slovenčine tento koncept nie je, a preto slovenský termín neexistuje; |
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stylistics |
This is a tool that tries to establish the readability or accessisibility of a text. It is a weighted average of the number of words per sentence, and the number of long words per word count. An interpretation is that the text can be understood by someone who left full-time education at a later age than the index (http://gunning-fog-index.com/). |
For example, if a text has a Gunning Fog index of 12, it has the reading level of a U.S. high school senior. |
“index zahmlenia” textu |